The Final Act: The Helsinki Accords and the Transformation of the Cold War

414 Pages·2018·5.22 MB·English

by  Michael Cotey Morgan

The Final Act
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America in the World
Series Editors
Sven Beckert and Jeremi Suri
A list of titles in this series appears at the back of the book.
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The Final Act
The Helsinki Accords and the
Transformation of the Cold War
Michael Cotey Morgan
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON AND OXFORD
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Copyright © 2018 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press
41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR
press.princeton.edu
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Morgan, Michael Cotey, author.
Title: The final act : the Helsinki Accords and the transformation
of the Cold War / Michael Cotey Morgan.
Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2018. | Series: America in the world |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017023099 | ISBN 9780691176062 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1972–1975 :
Helsinki, Finland). Final Act. | Cold War—History.
Classification: LCC D849 .M695 2018 | DDC 341.4/8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017023099
British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available
Editorial: Eric Crahan and Pamela Weidman
Production Editorial: Natalie Baan
Text and Jacket/Cover Design: Jessica Massabrook
Jacket photograph: Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford.
ITAR-TASS Photo Agency / Alamy Stock Photo
Production: Jacqueline Poirier
Publicity: James Schneider
Copyeditor: Lynn Worth
This book has been composed in Sabon Next LT Pro
Printed on acid- free paper. ∞
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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For my mother, and in memory of
my father & grandmother
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction To the Helsinki Station 1
Chapter 1 Crises of Legitimacy 18
Chapter 2 The Class of 1969 50
Chapter 3 Creating the CSCE 75
Chapter 4 The Meaning of Security 108
Chapter 5 A Declaration of Interdependence? 145
Chapter 6 The Closed Society and Its Enemies 169
Chapter 7 The Pens of August 207
Epilogue Reunifications 235
Notes 259
Bibliography 363
Index 387
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In writing this book, I’ve accumulated a list of debts longer than the Hel-
sinki Final Act itself. Several institutions and fellowships supported my re-
search. I thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of
Canada, the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia, the
Smith Richardson Foundation, Yale’s MacMillan Center, the Fox Interna-
tional Fellowships, the Crozier Fellowships, and International Security Stud-
ies for their generosity.
None of this work would have been possible without the assistance of
archivists, librarians, and scholars on both sides of the Atlantic. In particular,
I would like to recognize Michael Hussey, David Langbart, John Powers, and
James Siekmeier in College Park; Svetlana Savranskaya and Mary Curry in
Washington; Geir Gundersen in Ann Arbor; Micheline Robert in Ottawa;
Olivier Rodilla and Grégoire Eldin in Paris; Nicholas Roche in Brussels;
Johannes von Boeselager in Berlin; and Mikhail Prozumenshchikov in Mos-
cow. The indefatigable staff of UNC’s Davis Library, especially Kirill Tolpygo
and Joanneke Elliott, fielded an unreasonable number of requests for books
and microfilms without batting an eye. Mark Kramer alerted me to a collec-
tion of documents at RGANI in Moscow, and Joseph Torigian and Markian
Dobczansky obtained copies for me.
Several CSCE veterans shared their recollections with me, both on and off
the record. I am grateful to John Campbell, Richard Davy, the late Thomas
Delworth, Brian Fall, John Maresca, and Gabriel Warren for giving me a
sense of what life was like in Helsinki and Geneva.
I benefited from presenting portions of my research in conference papers
and talks at ETH Zurich, Harvard, Ohio State, UC Berkeley, the Wilson Cen-
ter, Cambridge, the Triangle Institute for Security Studies, and UNC’s Cen-
ter for Slavic, Eurasian, and East European Studies. I thank Andreas Wenger,
Christian Nuenlist, Anna Locher, Daniel Sargent, Andrew Preston, Fredrik
Logevall, Martin Klimke, Christian Ostermann, David Reynolds, Kristina
Spohr, Peter Feaver, and Donald Raleigh for these invitations and for their
helpful criticism.
It has been a pleasure to work with the team at Princeton University Press.
My editor, Eric Crahan, has believed in this book since our first conversa-
tion about it, and, together with Natalie Baan, guided it to publication with
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