Table Of ContentThe FaTe oF Sudan
abouT The auThor
John Young has been involved in research around peace, security,
governance, federalism conflict, elections, and political parties
in the Horn of Africa since 1986, but in recent years has had a
particular interest in peace and security issues in Sudan. These
research interests have been pursued in various capacities as an
independent and UN journalist, academic researcher, Canadian
government consultant, peace monitor in the north–south Sudan
conflict, evaluator of various peace support programs, and, most
recently, political adviser to the Carter Center for the April 2010
national elections and southern Sudan referendum.
The FaTe oF Sudan
The Origins and COnsequenCes
Of a flawed PeaCe PrOCess
John Young
Zed Books
london | new york
The Fate of Sudan: The Origins and Consequences of a Flawed Peace Process
was first published in 2012 by
Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London n1 9jf, uk
and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, ny 10010, usa
2nd impression, 2013
www.zedbooks.co.uk
Copyright © John Young 2012
The right of John Young to be identified as the author of
this work has been asserted by him in accordance with
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988
Designed and typeset in Monotype Bulmer
by illuminati, Grosmont
Cover design by www.roguefour.co.uk
Index by Rohan Bolton
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or
otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available
isbn 978 1 78032 327 5
ConTenTS
acknowledgments vii
abbreviations viii
map xi
preface xiii
introduction The Failures of Liberal Peacemaking
in Sudan 1
one Protagonists and Peace Partners:
The nCP and the SPLM 17
two A Flawed Approach to Peacemaking 79
three Dispensing with Democracy:
The April 2010 Elections 134
four Confirming the Inevitable:
The January 2011 Referendum 177
five The Three Areas: Blue nile,
Southern Kordofan, and Abyei 226
six A Changing Landscape: Political
Transitions in South and north Sudan 289
conclusion The Legacy of a Flawed Peace Process 352
postscript 360
notes 364
references 372
index 378
aCknowledgmenTS
For a book of this nature there are far too many people to thank.
In addition, some cannot be thanked or quoted because given their
positions it would cause them embarrassment. There are also many
other ordinary but anonymous people who have informed my views.
In Sudan a sitt al-chai (tea lady) or a soldier sharing a place in the
back of a truck are often more informative than a cabinet minister
or general. But, with those caveats, a few people and organizations
deserve a particular note of thanks. The first must go to Mahgoub
Mohamed Salih, the dean of Sudanese journalism, and the South
Sudanese statesman Bona Malwal, who employed me as a neophyte
journalist for the Sudan Times between 1986 and 1989 and to whom
I still regularly go for advice and wisdom. The second note of ap-
preciation is to the Carter Center, which employed me as a political
adviser through the final heady days of the Sudan peace process and
demonstrated remarkable tolerance for someone whose views were
sometimes very different from their own. Lastly, two individuals
must be noted. The first is my friend and frequent translator/fixer
Riak ‘Franco’ Pouk Nyab for his advice and good humor during our
many travels in South Sudan. The second is my wife, Thea Geddert,
who shared some of my Sudan adventures, read and corrected drafts
of this book, and has been very patient about my passion for Sudan.
abbreVIaTIonS
ABC Abyei Boundary Commission
AEC Assessment and Evaluation Commission
AJOC Abyei Joint Oversight Committee
ANC African National Congress
AU African Union
AUHIP African Union High Level Implementation Panel
AL Arab League
BEG Bahr el Ghazal
CANS Civil Administration of New Sudan
CCSS Coordinating Council of Southern Sudan
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement
DoP Declaration of Principles
DPA Darfur Peace Agreement
DUP Democratic Unionist Party
EDF Equatoria Defense Force
EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front
GNU Government of National Unity
GoS Government of Sudan
GoSS Government of South Sudan
HAC Humanitarian Affairs Commission
ICC International Criminal Court
ICF Islamic Charter Front
ICG International Crisis Group
ix
abbreVIaTIonS
ICSS Interim Constitution for Southern Sudan
IDP Internally displaced person
IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and
Development
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPF IGAD Partners’ Forum
JEM Justice and Equality Movement
JIU Joint Integrated Units
JLEI Joint Libyan Egyptian Initiative
LLMPC Legitimate League of Muslim Preachers and Clerics
LRA Lord’s Resistance Army
NASC National Alliance for the Salvation of the Country
NBI Nile River Basin Initiative
NCP National Congress Party
NDA National Democratic Alliance
NDI National Democratic Institute
NEC National Election Commission
NIF National Islamic Front
NISS National Intelligence and Security Service
NLC National Liberation Council
NRM/A National Resistance Movement/Army
NSCC New Sudan Council of Churches
NUP National Umma Party
OAG Other armed groups
OCV Out of country voting
OLF Oromo Liberation Front
OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan
PAIC Popular Arab and Islamic Conference
PCP Popular Congress Party
PDF Popular Defense Force
PNC Popular National Congress
PPLF Political Parties Leadership Forum
RCC Revolutionary Command Council
RoSS Republic of South Sudan
SAF Sudan Armed Forces
SANU Sudan African National Union
SCP Sudan Communist Party
SLM/A Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
