The Fascinating World of Biology

2020·17 MB·English

by  Rohini Muthuswamy

Nehru Bal Pustakalaya

Rohini Muthuswami
Illustrations
Atul Srivastava Vardhan
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illustrated books for various age groups in 30 Indian languages and
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the series Nehru Bal Pustakalaya.
ISBN 978-81-237-9074-9
First Edition 2020 (Saka 1941)
© Rohini Muthuswami
The Fascinating World of Biology (English Original)
` 85.00
Published by the Director, National Book Trust, India
Nehru Bhawan, 5 Institutional Area, Phase-II
Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110 070
www.nbtindia.gov.in
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CONTENTS
Nature’s Incredible Phenomena and Science 5
1. The Beetle by the Moonlight 7
2. The Courtship of Peacock 12
3. A House on its Back 18
4. The Glow-Worms 23
5. The Flight of the Birds 28
6. The Cat’s Tongue 33
7. The Power of Sugars 38
8. The Colourful Chameleon 43
9. Echolocating your way in Dark 48
10. The Thirsty Crow 53
References 58
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Nature’s Incredible
Phenomena and Science
Have you ever looked at a sunflower? Surrounded by the yellow
petals are hundreds of tiny brown dots. From afar they look as
if they have been arranged randomly in the middle. But if you
look carefully, you will see that there is an order to the apparent
randomness. They are arranged in a format known as ‘Fibonacci
numbers.’
I learnt Fibonacci numbers in school, but it never made much
sense to me. Why do we need it? What is its use?
Now, when I look at the sunflower in my garden, I understand a
bit. The Nature uses mathematics in her own fashion.
The world of biology uses mathematics, chemistry and physics. In
the ten essays presented in this book, we will explore the ‘Fascinating
World of Biology’ to see how some of the phenomena we observe
can be explained by principles of mathematics, chemistry, physics,
and of course biology.
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THE BEETLE By
THE MOONLIGHT
The divine dung beetle, Khepri,
rolls the Sun through the the sky.
-Ancient Egypt
The beetle was industriously rolling the dung ball. I
stopped by to watch it.
The dung beetle is found across the world wherever
there is dung as dung is its primary source of food. Some
of the dung beetles are choosy; they prefer dung of only
one species of animal. Other dung beetle species are less
choosy; they feed on dung of many different species of
animals.
But the question that persisted in my mind was: How
do these beetles, especially the ones that are active in the
night, navigate the dung ball, rolling it in a neat straight
line when the light from the Moon is barely sufficient for
us to see beyond our noses?
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The answer is surprising: Studies done on the African
dung beetle show that they use the polarization pattern
of the light to navigate the dung ball.
Light, as we all have learnt, is described as an
electromagnetic radiation, composed of massless particles
called ‘photons’ that travel like a sea-wave with the
speed of light. The photons, though they have no mass,
possess energy. And depending upon how much energy
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it possesses we can differentiate them into X-rays, UV-
rays, or visible light.
The visible light that is emitted from any source like
the Sun or a light bulb is unpolarized because it can travel
in all directions.
If you take a piece of a rope and move it up and down,
it will travel up and down but only in one direction. If you
made the light move like that, up and down, only in one
direction, that light is now known as ‘polarized.’ How can
an unpolarized light be converted into a polarized light?
The unpolarized light can be converted into polarized
light by putting it in a filter such that the waves that
emerge after passing through the filter can move only
in one direction. What kind of filter? Crystals like calcite
can function like filter (polarizer). So can plastic films
that are coated with organic molecules in one direction.
These plastic films are called ‘polaroids’ and are used in
polaroid cameras.
Interestingly, the sky too is a polarizer. Our eyes cannot
discern the polarized light but the eye of the beetle, can.
Why? This is because of special structures that are present
in the eye of the beetle.
The beetle possesses compound eyes. Each eye is
composed of microvilli, which are small hair like cells
that function as light absorbing particle. Each microvillus
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contains many light receiving pigments called ‘rhodopsin’.
And in each microvillus, these rhodopsins are aligned
in one particular direction. Thus, all the microvilli face
one direction and are maximally attuned to receive light
polarized in a direction parallel to the direction in which
the microvilli are arranged. These microvilli cannot receive
any other light.
Does this mean that the beetle can receive only
polarized light?
No. The microvilli are arranged in only one direction
in the dorsal rim of the eye. In the rest of the region of
the eye, the microvilli are placed in no particular pattern.
So, in the rest of the region they can receive unpolarized
light but in the dorsal rim they can perceive only the
polarized light.
But what happens on moonless nights? How do beetles
forage food on those nights? Well, the scientists have
observed that the beetles tend to wander directionless
on such nights. Many of them cease their activities 45-50
minutes after sunset as the amount of light available for
navigation drops dramatically.
So, is this property unique to the dung beetles?
No.
Bees and ants and other insects as well as fish can
perceive the polarization pattern of the sunlight. They too
use polarized light for navigation, just like the dung beetle.
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