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L Routledge Research in International and Comparative Education
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A THE EVOLUTION OF
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TRANSNATIONAL EDUCATION
PATHWAYS, GLOBALISATION AND EMERGING TRENDS
Christopher Hill, Judith Lamie and Tim Gore
The Evolution of Transnational
Education
This book examines issues of identity; positionality; community; value and rele-
vance, to explore where transnational higher education is headed and what form
it may take moving forwards.
Transnational higher education has traditionally been viewed through the lens
of access. Now, the authors argue, higher education must think more closely about
impact and legacy as changing patterns of student recruitment, reduced options for
mobility and the need to establish value for money will be at the heart of the next
stage of evolution. Drawing on international case studies from Europe, the Middle
East and Central Asia, the book outlines the past, present and future of higher
education working across national boundaries, and the extent to which this repre-
sents the globalisation of the university sector. The book opens with an analysis of
the role of the university in both local and global contexts, moving on to explore
policy and collaboration and then looking at emerging trends and activity in inter-
national higher education. The final section draws directly from students, to give
their perspective and understanding of the core themes throughout the book.
This volume will have a wide readership amongst higher education scholars,
undergraduate and postgraduate students and policy makers.
Christopher Hill is a Professor in the Faculty of Education at the British Uni-
versity in Dubai. He has worked in TNE since 2008; spending 9 years in Malay-
sia and 5 in Dubai and his research interests include TNE and its impact on
national systems; the role of online learning; and the development of interna-
tional education and the student experience in the global arena. Dr Hill hosts the
Think Education podcast.
Judith Lamie has spent over 30 years in higher education and held a number of
senior executive positions at UK universities. Judith is Pro Vice-Chancellor Inter-
national, Swansea University and has published and presented widely in the fields
of applied linguistics, change management and international higher education.
Tim Gore is CEO, University of London Institute in Paris (ULIP), and has
held senior leadership positions in France, UK, India, Jordan, Dubai, S ingapore
and Hong Kong in higher education; cultural relations; diplomacy; commer-
cial enterprise. He is an active contributor in higher education strategy and
internationalisation.
Routledge Research in International
and Comparative Education
This is a series that offers a global platform to engage scholars in continuous
academic debate on key challenges and the latest thinking on issues in the
fast-growing field of International and Comparative Education.
Titles in the series include:
The International Emergence of Educational Sciences in the
Post-World War Two Years
Quantification, Visualization, and Making Kinds of People
Edited by Thomas S. Popkewitz, Daniel Pettersson, and Kai-Jung Hsiao
Teaching and Learning for Comprehensive Citizenship
Global Perspectives on Peace Education
Edited by Candice C. Carter
Primary Mathematics Pedagogy at the Intersection of Education
Reform, Policy, and Culture
Comparative Insights from Ghana, Singapore, and the US
Sarah Murray and Princess Allotey
Interpreting International Education
In Honour of Professor Jeff Thompson
Edited by Mary Hayden
The Evolution of Transnational Education
Pathways, Globalisation and Emerging Trends
Edited by Christopher Hill, Judith Lamie and Tim Gore
Belonging in Changing Educational Spaces
Negotiating Global, Transnational, and Neoliberal Dynamics
Edited by Karen Monkman and Ann Frkovich
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.
com/Routledge-Research-in-International-and-Comparative-Education/
book-series/RRICE
The Evolution of
Transnational Education
Pathways, Globalisation
and Emerging Trends
Christopher Hill, Judith Lamie
and Tim Gore
First published 2022
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
© 2022 Christopher Hill, Judith Lamie and Tim Gore
The right of Christopher Hill, Judith Lamie and Tim Gore to be
identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-1-032-12602-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-12603-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-22538-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003225386
Typeset in Galliard
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables viii
List of case studies ix
List of appendices x
List of abbreviations xi
List of contributors xiii
Preface xv
Prologue: The evolution of the Earth as an example of change xvi
Introduction 1
CHRISTOPHER HILL, JUDITH LAMIE AND TIM GORE
SECTION 1
What – strange bedfellows and playmates 3
1 Consortia and academic networks: The reality of
unfulfilled potential 5
JUDITH LAMIE AND CHRISTOPHER HILL
2 Regionalism and bilateralism post-Brexit: The effects
of UK leaving the EU on higher education 30
TIM GORE
3 Mergers in international higher education: A realistic
response in a time of crisis or simply a step too far? 43
JUDITH LAMIE
4 The civic agenda and the globalised university: Conflicting
or compatible? 59
JUDITH LAMIE AND TIM GORE
vi Contents
SECTION 2
Where – policy and collaboration: Making friends
and influencing people 71
5 Policy alignment with regional goals and the potential
role of TNE in European development 73
CHELSIE BRINES
6 Transnational Education collaboration across borders:
The German Jordanian University 88
SAMIRA SARAFANDI
7 Success of British quality systems in Uzbekistan 94
LOBAR MUKHAMEDOVA AND ALEKSEY SEMYONOV
SECTION 3
How – emerging trends 109
8 Evolving models of transnational education: New partnerships
and reducing risk. Why are we so afraid of change? 111
CHRISTOPHER HILL
9 The past, present and future of assessments in the higher
education sector 126
TENDAI CHARLES
10 Quality assurance of transnational education in Asia 137
ANGELA YUNG CHI HOU, PIN CHUAN HSU, HUA CHI CHOU
AND ARIANNA FANG YU LIN
11 Online delivery models 152
CHRISTOPHER HILL
SECTION 4
Who – student voices 161
12 Responding to the student voice: Creating a new normal
for engagement, learning and collaboration 163
JUDITH LAMIE AND CHRISTOPHER HILL
Conclusion 181
CHRISTOPHER HILL, JUDITH LAMIE AND TIM GORE
Index 183
List of figures
3.1 Mergers – Interviewee Word Association Activity 45
7.1 Porter Diamond Model 95
7.2 Graduation figures 99
7.3 MA in IBM graduates 100
8.1 Comparison of online education options 120
9.1 The role of exams in a traditional undergraduate degree course 128
9.2 Key factors to consider for assessment during a pandemic 131
9.3 A model for the future of university assessments 134
List of tables
1.1 UK HEI priorities 11
1.2 Consortia’s aims and objectives 14
1.3 Consortia typology 22
6.1 Summary of motivations and calculated benefits for TNE
participants 89
6.2 Research implications and recommendations 92
7.1 Graduate figures 99
10.1 Comparison of joint reviews by ECA, CAMPUS Asia,
and QAA UK TNE review 141
10.2 Summary of the number of QA agencies in the Asia-Pacific
region 142
10.3 Comparison of HEEACT and BAN-PT 144
10.4 Standards and indicators 145
10.5 Changes and challenges for QA agencies and HEIs in six
dimensions 147
List of case studies
1.1 RENKEI 19
1.2 Universitas 21 Health Sciences Group 20
1.3 International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher
Education (INQAAHE) 23
1.4 China and Italy: Tsinghua University and Politecnico in Milan 25
1.5 British Council UK-Thailand Higher Education Partnerships 26
2.1 Brussels School of International Studies 34
2.2 Lancaster University Leipzig 35
2.3 The University of London Institute in Paris 36
2.4 A European Alliance: King’s College London and Circle U 40
3.1 Munster Technological University 48
3.2 Thomas Jefferson University 50
3.3 Aston University and the University of Birmingham 52
4.1 Toyota City and Derbyshire 66
4.2 Swansea-Wuhan Sister Cities Partnership 67
5.1 South-East European Research Centre (SEERC) 76
5.2 European Migrant Crisis Symposium (seerc.org) 78
5.3 INVENT 80
8.1 Middlesex University and ASDA BA (Hons) in Distribution 114
8.2 Centre for Mineral Products University of Derby 115
8.3 Edx MicroMasters 120
8.4 Udacity 121
11.1 International Council for Open and Distance Education 154
11.2 Arden University 155
