The evolution of sheep and goat husbandry in central Anatolia

29 Pages·2009·2.78 MB·English

The evolution ofsheep and goathus bandry
in centralAnatol ia
BenjaminS.ARBUCKLE
BaylorUniversity
Departmentof Anthropology,ForensicScience,andArchaeology
OneBearPlace#97173,Waco,TX76798-7173 (U.S.A.)
[email protected]
AliyeÖZTAN
AnkaraUniversity,DilveTarih-Co˘grafyaFacültesi
ArkeolojiBölümü,Ankara(Turkey)
SevilGÜLÇUR
IstanbulUniversity,EdebiyatFacültesi
PrehistoryaAnabilimDalı,Istanbul(Turkey)
ArbuckleB.S.,ÖztanA.&G ülçurS.2009. —The evolutionofsheepandgoathusbandry in
centralAnatolia. Anthropozoologica44(1):129-157.
ABSTRACT
Thispaperexplores t he evolution ofsheepandgoathusbandry in central
Anatoliathrough the analysisofnewandpublished faunaldata f rom
Neolithic, Chalcolithic, andBronzeAgesitesin theregion. Themajor
KEYWORDS patternsofchangeovertimein thepastoralsystemared iscussedincludingthe
Pastoralism,
beginningsofherding,thea ppearanceofthepractice ofyoung malekill-off,
herdmanagement,
sheep, andthetiming oftheonsetoftheintensiveuseofsecondary products.Results,
goat, including the discovery oflongstanding differencesin themanagementof
domestication,
Neolithic, sheepandgoats as well as synchronic differencesin herding strategies,have
Chalcolithic, importantimplicationsfor u nderstanding theroleof a nimal husbandry
BronzeAge,
in centralAnatoliancommunitiesandindicatethat t hehistory ofpastoral
centralAnatolia,
Turkey. productionintheregion iscomplexandmulti-faceted.
RÉSUMÉ
L’évolutiondel’élevage desmoutonsetdeschèvresenAnatolie centrale
Cetart icle aborde l’évolution de l’élevage desmoutonsetdeschèvr esen
l’Anatolie centrale àtravers l’analyse de donnéesnouv ellesetpubliées
ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1)©PublicationsScientifiquesduMuséumn ationald’Histoirenaturelle,Paris. 129
S.ArbuckleB.,ÖztanA.&Gülçur S.
provenantde sitesde larégion datantduNéolithique, duChalcolithique e t
de l’âge deBronze.Lesprincipaux modesde changementdansletempsdu
MOTSCLÉS
Pastoralisme, systèmepastoralsontexaminés, d epuislesdébuts de l’élevage, l’apparition
gestiondutroupeau, de lapratique d el’abattage d esjeunesmâle e tlemomentde l’apparition
mouton,
de l’utilisation intensive desproduits secondaires.Les r ésultats,ycompris
chèvre,
domestication, la découverte de différencesdurablesdanslegestion desmoutonsetdes
Néolithique, chèvresainsique d e différences synchroniquesdansles s tratégiesd’élevage,
Chalcolithique, ontd’import antesimplicationspour la compréhension du rôle del’élevage
âgeduBronze,
danslescommunautésd’Anatolie c entrale.Ilsmontr ent quel’histoire d ela
Anatoliecentrale,
Turquie. productionpastoraledanslarégion estcomplexeetmulti-facettes.
INTRODUCTION aparticularfocus onexaminingevidenceforsheep
andgo athus bandry in centralAnatol ia from the
Asoneofthemost importantsocioeconomicsystems Neolithicthrough theBronzeAge.Despitearapid
intheancientandmodernNearEast,pastoralism, increasein studiesde tailingthenatu reof a nimal
theherding ofdomestichoofed ungulates,whether economiesin centralAnatol ia( e.g.,Boess neck&
practicedbynomads,agro-pastoralists,within ega- Wiedemann1977,von denDriesch& Boessneck
litariantribesors tratifiedstates,hasbeenamajor 1981,Hongo1993;1998;1999;2004,Zeder&
focusofanthropologicalresearchformorethanahalf Arter1994,Buitenhuis1996; 1997; 1999,De
century(de Planhol1958,Barth1959,Irons1969, Cupere &Waelkens1998, Howell-Meurs2001;
Salzman1971;2004,Dyson-Hudson 1972,Irons Martinetal. 2002,Atıcı 2003;2005,Carr uthers
&Dyson-Hudson 1972,Bates1973,Gart hwaite 2003,DeCupere&Dur u2003,von denDriesch
1978,Tapper1979,Beck 1 986,Black-Michaud &Pöllath2004,Russell &Martin2005,Russell, et
1986,Galaty &Johnson 1990,Borgerhoff Mulder al.2005,Martin&Russell 2006)therehaveb een
&Sellen1994,Azarya1996). Archaeologistshave fewattempts tolookatthebroadpatternsofchange
beenparticularlyinterestedinaddressingthreebroad overmultiplechronological/culturalperiodsandto
questionsrelatedtopastoralismincluding:1) the synthesizeresults frommultiplesites(although for
originsofsheepandgoatherding,whichrepresents theNeolithicperiodsee Martinetal. 2002).Asa
thefirstsuccessfuldomestication ofafoodanimal result,acentralcomponentofthec ulturalhistory
(Helmer1992,Harris1996,Horw itzetal. 1999, oftheregion remainspoorlykno wn.
Petersetal. 1999,Zeder&Hesse2000,V igneet Byfocusingontheevolutionofpastoralproduction
al.2005),2)thed evelopmentofhighlyproductive, inthelonguedurée,thegoalo fthispaperist opre-
milk and fiberproducing herds(Sherratt 1981, sentabroadpictureofthee volutionofsheepand
Greenfield1989), and3)the a ppearance oflarge goathusbandry patternsin centralAnatoliaandto
scale,mobilepastoralsystemskno wnfrom histori- addressimportanttransitionsincluding theinitial
calperiodsin theregion (Barth1961,Irons1975, appearance ofpastoraleconomiesas w ell as the
Matthews1978,Beck1986,Bar-Yosef&Khazanov developmentofmoreintensivepastoralmanagement
1992, Zeder1994b, Bar-Yosef&Meadow1995, strategiesincluding theuseofherdsfors econdary,
Grigson2000,Fleming 2004,Greenfield&Fowler orantemort em,products (i.e.,milk, f iber) (after
2005). Itis w idely recognized thateach o fthese Vigne&Helmer2007).Inaddition torepresenting
transitionsrepresentsmajortransformativeevents animportantincreasein theproductivepotential
in the culturehistory oftheNearEast (Sherratt ofancientherds,thislast featureisoftenseenasa
1981;1983,Bar-Yosef &Khazanov1992). necessarypreconditionforthedevelopmentoflarge
Inthispaperwedescribethebroadpatternsofchange scale,specializedandmobileformsofpastoralism,
overtimein thiscentralsocioeconomicsystemwith thedevelopmentofwhichi salsoaddressed.
130 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1)
Theevolutionofsheepandgoathusbandry incentralAnatolia
Thefollowingdiscussionisbased onabodyofnew BACKGROUND
andpublishedfaunaldatafromsevensitesin central
Anatoliarepresenting Neolithic,Chalcolithicand Inordertoaddress questionsconcerning pastoral
BronzeAgesettlements (Fig.1;Table1). Although productionwefocusonacombinationofageand
chronologicalcoverageisnotcomplete, thecurrent measurementdataforsheepandgoats.Aged ata,
sample doesprovide avaluablemeans t oaddress basedonthestateoff usionoftheepiphysesoflong
majorquestionsofchangeovertimein systemsof bonesandthe e ruption andwearofmandibular
caprinehusbandry inthisregion. teeth, canbe used to interpret the age composi-
FIG.1.—MapofTurkeyshowingthelocation ofsitesmentioned inthetext.A I=A ıklı;ERB =Erbaba;ÇA T=Çatalhöyük;
SUB=Suberde;K K=Kö kHöyük;GÜV =Güvercinkayası;ACE =Acemhöyük.
TABLE1.—Approximatechronologicalrelationshipsof theprimarysitesmentioned inthetextaswellasthefrequencyof caprines
andtheratioofsheeptogoatin eachassemblage (fromPerkins&Daly1968,Buitenhuis1997,Cessford2001,Thissen2002,Martin
&Russell2005,Arbuckle2006).
SiteApprox.d atecalBC %caprinesSheep:goatr atio
AıklıHöyük 8200-7500 84 4.0:1
Suberde 7400-7000 825.6:1
Çatalhöyükpre-XIItoIV 7400-6200 65-757.0:1
Erbaba 6500-6000 77 4.6:1
KökII-V6200-5500 60 3.5:1
KökI5200-4800 83 3.2:1
Güvercinkayası 5200-4800 81 4.3:1
AcemhöyükII-III 2000-1800 65 1.7:1
ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1) 131
S.ArbuckleB.,ÖztanA.&Gülçur S.
tionoftheanimalschosenfors laughter(Hesse& chosenforslaughterwithgeneralgoalsofpastoral
Wapnish1985,Davis1987,Lyman1994).Theseare production.Thelink betweenthesevariableshas
oftenpresentedintheformofsurvivorshipcurves, beendiscussed bymanyresearchers(e.g.Higham
whichvisuallyrepresentthefrequencyofanimals 1967,Ducos1968, Redding 1981;1984, Z eder
survivingincreasinglyoldagecategories,beginning 1991;2001,Helmer1992,Vigne&Helmer2007)
with100%atagec ategory1andendingwithnone but hasbeendescribed most influentiallyin the
survivingpastagecategoryX(Payne1973,Levine formofpredictivemodelsbyPayne(1973). These
1983,Lyman 1 994). Although there areseveral modelsdefinetheb asicrelationshipsbetw eenthe
methodsforgenerating survivorship curves,this goalsofherdmanagement—whetherfocused on
paperfollo ws thelife tablemethod c ommon in maximizing theproduction ofprimary (orpost-
thewildlife literature(Deevey1947,Quick1 963, mortem) products suchasmeator s econdary (or
Caughley1966,Lyman1 994)inwhicheachsur- antemortem)productssuchasmilk orfiber—a nd
vivorshipvalue(sometimesdenoted as“lx”)repre- thesexanda gecompositionoftheanimalschosen
sentsanestimateofthepercentageofindividuals forslaughter.
survivingatthebeginningofagivenagec ategory. Briefly,themeatmodelp redictsthatwhenthegoal
Inarecentpaperfocusing ontheinterpretation of ofproductionisprimarilymea t,mostyoungmales
mortality data,Vigne andHelmer(2007:20-21) willbekilledwhentheyreachanoptimumpoint
suggest that whencalculating mortality profiles, inweight-gain—between18-30months(Payne
a correction factor should be applied in order to 1973:281-82; alsoDigard1981,Redding 1981,
accountforthevaryinglengthsoftimerepresentedby Black-Michaud1986,Salzman2004). Theageat
themost commonlyusedagestages(Payne’s (1973) whichmaleswillbeslaughteredwithinthisrange
MandibularWearStagesA-I). However,sincemor- (oreven o utside ofit) m ay vary depending on a
talitydatain thispaperarepresented intheformof varietyoffactorsincludingthecost/availabilityof
survivorshipcurves,thissuggestedcorrectionfactor fodderandgraze, theavailabilityoflabortosupervise
isnot u tilized.Since eachsur vivorship (lx)value herds,theimmediate f inancial orotherneedsof
representsanestimateofthepercentageofa nimals theherder,environmentalconditions,andcultural/
survivingatthebeginningofagecategoryX,differences marketpreferencesforlambort hemeatofother
inthelengthofeachcategory (ifwithin reason)are specificdemographicgroups.Thismodelp redicts
relativelyunimportant.However,whenm ortality thatwhenmeatistheprimary goalofproduction,
values(dx v aluesin wildlife studies)representing theresulting survivorshipcurvedropsprecipitously
thenumberofd eathsin aparticularagecategory formalessometimein thefirst2.5yearswhilefemale
arepresented as the focus of analysis(as t heyare survivorshipdeclinesmuchmoregraduallythrough
in Vigne andHelmer 2 007)then i tmakesmore adulthood.Asaresult,in themeatmodelthevast
sensetoaddress thevary ing lengthsof e achage majority of animals surviving intoadulthood a re
category witha c orrection factor(alsosee Payne females(80-98%based onethnographicexamples
1973:Table3,f igures15 and16). (Bates1973:147,Redding 1981)).
Inthispaper,measur ementdataincluding those The fibermodel p redicts that whentheprimary
derivedfrombothfused andunfused specimensare goal ofproduction is wool orhair,herders shift
usedtoidentifysizediminutionassociatedwiththe theirmanagement s trategy towardsculling adult
process of domestication (Bökönyi 1969,Ducos individuals(Payne1973:282). Asaresult,this
1978,Uerpmann1979,Davis1987,Meadow1989, modelpredictsthatwhenfiberist heprimary goal
Zeder2006)and, incombinationwithsurvivorship ofproduction,themajority ofanimalswillsurvive
curves,todeterminetheproport ionsofmalesand wellintoadulthood, and,incontrasttothemeat
females slaughtered within specific agegroups model,the a dultpopulation will consist of both
(Hesse1978, Zeder&Hesse2000,Z eder2001). femalesandmales(oftencastrated)since bothare
Inordertousethesesour cesofdatatointerpretthe effectivefiberproducers.Identification ofbothof
goalsofpastoralp roduction,wefocusonmodels thesefeaturesiscriticaltotheidentification ofthe
thatlink the age andsexcomposition of animals fibermodelandf ordistinguishing fiberproduction
132 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1)
Theevolutionofsheepandgoathusbandry incentralAnatolia
fromameatprofilein whichthejuvenileshavebeen thenon-intensiveproduction ofherdsformilk in
deletedbytaphonomicfactors. additiontomeatmaybe indistinguishablefromthe
Payne’sthirdmodeldescribesthemanagementexpec- rangeofvariation expectedwithinthemeatmodel.
tations whenthegoal i s theintensiveproduction Finally,theinterpretationofdairyproductionfrom
ofmilk. Thismodelpredictsthatwhenmilkisthe mortalityprofilesischaracterized bytheproblemof
primarygoalofproduction herderswillslaughter equifinality.Likeallarchaeologicalpatterns,mortality
mostmalesasyounglambssoastomaximizethe profilessimilartothemilk modelcouldpotentially
milkavailableforhumanconsumption. Thismodel beexplainedbyahost ofbehaviorsotherthandairy
isdistinguishablefromthemeatmodeli nitsfocus production(Halstead1998). Inparticular,produc-
ontheslaughterofmalesin theyoungest agecate- tion systemsfocused on very young tendermeat,
gories.Of all oftheproduction models therehas thepresenceofhigh infantmortality(asin casesof
beenthemost discussionconcerningtheapplication crowdedpenningandstall ing),or samplingfrom
ofthemilk modeltoarchaeologicalcontexts (see areascontaininghighproportionsofinfantremains
Halstead1998andreferencestherein).Arguments (e.g.,shrinesor t emples)couldproduce morta-
havetended tofall intothree categories. litypatternsthatmimicthemilk model.Halstead
First,althoughslaughterofsurplus animalsin the (1998:14)haspointed outthatwhiletaphonomic
first6-8weeksfollo wingbirthiscommon practice biases,particularlythoseaffectingtheremainsofthe
amongmoderndairy producersandactstomaxi- youngestindividuals,arelikelytomaskarchaeological
mizethemilk available forhumanconsumption, evidenceforintensivemilk production(e.g.,Munson
somehaveraised doubts as towhetherprimitive 2000),theyareless likelytoartificiallycreateit(also
domesticbreedscouldproduce milkintheabsence Vigne&Helmer2007:16). However,asdiscussed
of an infant(Clutton-Brock 1 981,McCormick above,convergentmortalitypatternsresultingfrom
1992,Balasse2002). IsotopicworkbyBalassea nd differentmanagement strategies( e.g.,subsistence
Tresset(2002) has suggested that thismayhave productionofmilk vsintensivemeatproduction)
beenthecaseforNeolithiccattlein Europe,which remainamajorobstacletotheinterpretation ofthe
appeartohavebeenweaned at6-9monthsrather goalsofpastoralp roduction.
thaninthefirstweeks.However,thisissueofmilk Moreover,Halstead hasalsorightlypointed out
let-down maybe aless serious issue forcaprines the fundamentalweakness in mortality evidence
(Halstead1998:5-6). fordairy ing:that w hiletheintensive c ulling of
Secondly,Payne’s milk modeldescribesasystem surpluslambsdoes“implythatherdmanagement
ofhighlyintensivemilk production focused on enhancedthepotentialforproductionofmilk rather
producingforlarge-scalemarkets andits applica- than[otherproducts]”(Halstead 1998:7,original
bility to prehistoricsocioeconomic c ontexts has emphasis),itdoes notprovethatmilk wasactually
beenquestioned.Halstead (1998) has suggested exploited.Asaresult,multipleinterpretationsare
that this typeofmanagement s ystem isprobably alwayspossibleandmilk productionremainsoneof
mostlikelyunderconditionsin whichherdersare themost difficultmanagementsystemstoidentify
highlydependentuponanimalproducts,havelarge archaeologically.
herds,andarehighlyintegrated intoamarketeco- Payne’sthreemodelsrepresenttheoreticalconstructs
nomy(i.e.,specialized pastoralists).Smallerscale, thatdescribepatternsofherdmanagementexpected
subsistence-oriented producers aremorelikely t o underoptimizing conditions.Asaresult,theyare
space theslaughterofsurplus ramsout overan best viewed asheuristic d evices,whichserv e asa
extended periodofmonthsorevenyears sacrifi- startingpointfrom whichtointerpretarchaeolo-
cing thequantity ofmilk available but providing gicalpatterns,whichthemselvesarenotexpected
a“walkinglarder”asahedgea gainstfuturepoten- torepresentoptimization (Halstead1998:4-5).As
tialinsecurities(see Redding(1981)foradetailed Payne(1973:282)n oted,herdersrarelyfocus ona
discussionofriskreduction asaherding strategy). singleproductandmust insteadbalancebetween
Thisdelayed slaughterofsurplus lambsislikelyt o conflicting requirements represented bymanage-
lookverymuchlikePayne’s meatmodelandthus mentformultipleproducts,a swellasin response
ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1) 133
S.ArbuckleB.,ÖztanA.&Gülçur S.
toahost ofsocial,political, a nd environmen- a“tendermeat”model.IncontrasttoPayne’smodel
talvariables.However,instead ofrepresenting a (termedthe“typeAmilk”model),the“t ypeBmilk”
weakness,thetheoretical n atureofthesemodels model ischaracterized by the delayedslaughterof
isalsotheirgreatest strength, asitis t hrough the lambs throughout theirfirst year similar tothe
process ofidentifying deviationsfrom optimality situationdescribedabove fornon-intensivevillage
thatwebegintointerpretthecomplexmanagement herders(Halstead1998:9,alsoPayne1973:282).
behaviorsofherders. Thismodelproducesmortalitypeaksamong older
Althoughrarelydiscussed, Payne(1973:282)p ro- lambs,from6-12months,andthenagain foradult
videsseveralexamplesoftheinterpretation ofdevia- femalesbetween2-4 years.The“tendermeat”model
tionsfrom hisoptimization modelsillustrating how predictsakill-off ofyoung ramsbetweentheagesof
multipleproduction goalsmightbe balanced.For 6-12monthsratherthanbetween18-30monthsas
example,ifbothmeatandmilk areproduced and inPayne’smeatmodel(alsosee Payne1973:282).
milkisofprimary importanceandeitherlaboror Thesemodelsarepresented tofill perceivedgaps
wintergraze/fodderisr estrictedorexpensive, then inthePaynemodelsandrepresent“ intermediate”
mostmalelambswillslaughteredbeforetheirfirst management strategies,whicharethenused by
winterat6-9months.Iftheproduction ofmeatis Vigne andHelmer t o interpretcomplex “ mix-
ofgreaterimport ance,ifwinterfeeding posesfew tures”ofdifferenttypesofproduction goalsinclu-
problems,andiflaborisavailablethensurplus males ding tendermeat + t ypeBmilk,orfiber +meat,
arelikelytobe slaughteredintheirsecondandeven based largelyon thelocation ofmodal m ortality
thirdyears.However,ifwinterfeed isexpensiveor age.Althou gh the developmentofmore d etailed
unavailableandlaborisin shortsupplythensurplus models withwhichto i nterpretmort ality data
lambsmayagain be slaughtered beforetheirfirst isbeneficial,onemust always be mindful ofthe
winter.Inthis w ay, deviationsfrom the expected inherent weaknessesin theuseofmort ality data
modelscanbe interpreted in termsofvariables to interpretmanagement s trategies.Perhaps t he
includingmixedproductiongoals,costsoffodder, mostimportantofthese—a sdiscussed earlieras
availabilityofwinterpastur e,availabilityoflabor, acriticismofPayne’s milkmodel—isequifinality ,
aswellastheinfluence ofmarkets. boththrough thelikelihoodthatmultiplestrategies
Vigne andHelmer(2007 andreferences therein) withdifferentproductiongoalscanproducesimilar
haverecentlymade an importantcontribution to mortalityprofiles(e.g.,tendermeat,typeBmilk,
theinterpretationofmanagementstrategiesbypro- mixedmeatandmilk) asherdersmakecomplexand
posingtwonewmodelsin additiontothosedefined oftenconflictingmanagementdecisionsin response
byPayne.Theseinclude a“typeBmilk ”modeland todynamicsocialande nvironmentalconditions,as
Table2.—Summary oftherelationshipbetweenmodalslaughterage andthegoalsof herdmanagement.
Modalslaughterage(months)
0-2 2-6 6-12 12-24 24-48 48+
Fiber
Dairy
TypeBmilk
Meatandmilk
Tender
Meat
meat
134 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1)
Theevolutionofsheepandgoathusbandry incentralAnatolia
wellasthroughthealterationofmortalityprofiles SITESANDDATA
throughtaphonomicprocesses.
Thesuiteofmodelsdiscussed aboveprovidesthe Thesitesexamined inthispaperrepresentarange
frameworkforinterpreting managementgoalsfrom ofsettlement t ypesincluding large andsmall
mortalityprofileswiththefullacknowledgement Neolithic andChalcolithic a griculturalvillages
oftheirin herentshortcomings.Togethertheypro- as well asonelargeBronzeAge c enter(Fig. 1;
videseveralpointsalongacontinuumofpossible Table1). Ageandmeasur ementdataf romthese
managementstrategieseachfocused onincreasingly sitesallo wustoaddress thecharacterofsystems
aged animals(see Table2). Thesemodelsarenot of caprinehusbandry in theregion andtheir
viewedasthefinalanswerstoquestionsofpastoral changeover t ime from the earliest Neolithicto
productionbutinsteadareused assuggestedpoints theBronzeAge.
ofentryintotheprocess ofinterpreting themana-
gementdecisionsofa ncientherders. A5IKLIHÖYÜK
There aretwoadditional i ssues thatmust alsobe AıklıHöyük i salargemoundsitelocated in
addressedwheninterpretingmortalityevidencefor themountainous region ofCappadocia(Esin &
herdmanagement.Thefirstistheissueofmobility Harmankaya1999) (Fig.1).Thesiterepresents an
andthefactthatmortalitydataderivedfromone earlyphaseofthec olonizationofcentralAnatolia
sitemay r eflectan i ncompletesampleof ahus- bysedentaryfarmersintheAceramicNeolithicand
bandry system (Meadow1980). Ifmanagement datestothelateninthande arlyeighthmillennia
strategiesinclude seasonalmovementstoandfrom calBC (middlePPNBin theLevant) ( Table1)
summerpastures,forexample,thenthearchaeolo- (Thissen2002).
gicalpatternsderivedfromeithersummerorwinter Buitenhuis(1997)foundthatt heanimaleconomy
residencesiteswillrepresentatr uncatedmortality atAıklıwasdominated bycaprines(Table1).
profilereflecting onlyaport ion ofthe c omplete However,questionsremainconcerninghowcaprines
system(e.g.,Cribb 1984,Vigne&Helmer2007: wereexploitedatthissite,andwhethertheywere
22). AsVigne andHelmer(2007) p ointout this herded orhunted (Vigne etal. 1999,Mart in et
representsasignificant“trap”forarchaeologists that al. 2002). Survivorship curvesbased on epiphy-
canbe addressedonly throughregionalsampling sealfusion indicatethat t heAıklı c aprines were
ofdifferenttypesofsites( e.g.,Helmer etal. 2005). slaughteredprimarilybetweentheagesof1-3y ears,
Thesecondissueisoneofprovisioning. Particularlyin withrelativelyfe wanimalssurvivingpasttheageof
thecontextofcomplexsocieties,theprovisioning of fusionofthedistalradius (c.36 months)(Fig.2).
settlementswithmeat,oftenbyspecializedproducers, Inaddition,Buitenhuisnoted thepresence of a
canhaveasignificantimpacton theinterpretationof
mortalitydata(e.g.,Stein 1987,Wapnish&Hesse
1988;1991,Crabtr ee 1990; 1996, Zeder1991). 100
Urbansystemsareoftencharacterized bysystemsin 90 GGaannjjDDaarreehh
80
whichruralproducersprovisionurbanconsumers.
70
Stein(1987)hascontrasted “consumer”mortality (%) 60 KKööskk AAsııkkllıı
otpofroainfgieclesluascndhdea“rapardcoteedarruitzcheedro”fbmpyaaatrrtkeeelratn-tsia,vgweelhdyincaahnrarirmeeoalwxsp.Treachntuegsde survivorship 345000 SSuubbeerrddee
20
themovementofanimalsofparticulardemographic
10
groups toand f rom producerand consumer sites
0
has thepotentialtocreatemort ality profiles that 0 3 6 12 24 36
age(months)
primarily represent systemsof d istribution rather
FIG.2.–Survivorship curvesbased onepiphysealfusionfor
thanproduction(Zeder1991) andmust betaken
sheep/goatsforAıklıHöyük(n=2806)(fromBuitenhuis1997),
intoaccountwheninterpretingmortalitydata,par- KökHöyükI-V(n =473),Suberde (n=95)(from Arbuckle
2008a)and wildsheepfromGanjDareh(n=2112)(fromHesse
ticularlyin (butnotlimited to)complexsocieties.
1978).
ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1) 135
S.ArbuckleB.,ÖztanA.&Gülçur S.
significantnumberofneonatalcaprineremains inconcentrationsoflargemales(see Fig.3:Ganj
in the assemblage.The f ocus on culling animals Dareh) (Helmer1988, Helmer etal. 2005,Rus-
withinanarrowagerangeiscommonlyassociated sell&Martin2005).Thissuggeststhatsheepand
withhumanmanagement,whilehunting often(but goats werelikely s ubject todifferentexploitation
certainlynotalways)results inhigherproportions strategiesatAıklı.
of“prime-aged ”adultindividuals(Stiner1990) Recentanalysisof c arbon andnitr ogen isotope
(comparecurvesforKö4kandGanj DarehinFig.2). valuesfrom Aıklı caprineremainshasindicated
Moreover,theremainsofneonatalanimalsare thatbothsheepandgoats werecharacterizedbya
notuncommonatNeolithicandlaterperiodsites homogeneousand“restricted”diet(Pearson etal.
characterizedbyherding economies,buttheycan 2007:2178),whichwasinterpreted aspossibly
alsobe anindicatorofspring hunting(e.g.,Davis reflectinganearlystagein themanagementofthe
&Fischer1990). Together,thesemort ality data caprinepopulations.However,thelimited variation
havebeenused tosuggest thattheAıklıcaprines in CandNvaluesin theAıklı c aprinesisiden-
were“appropriated”resources(Vigne&Buitenhuis tified as “unusual” whencompared tothewider
1999:58, Martinetal. 2002)andweresubjectt o spreadofvaluescharacteristicoflaterNeolithicsites
anearlyformo fherdmanagementt hatBuitenhuis includingÇatalhöyük(Pearsonetal. 2007:2178),
(1997)referredtoas“proto-domestication”. whileasimilarpatterno flimited variationhasbeen
Moreover,Buitenhuishasargued that theAıklı identifiedinancientwildungulatepopulationsin
caprinesrepresentamorphologicallyw ildpopula- thesouthernLevant(Makarewicz2 007;personal
tion,i.e.,theyexhibitno evidenceforadecreasein communication 2008).Thus isotope data add to
sizeorothermorphologicalchangesoftenassociated thepicturethatcaprinee xploitationatAıklıwas
withtheprocess ofdomestication,throughout the significantlydifferentfrom laterNeolithicmana-
occupationalsequence ofthesite, aperiodspan- gementstrategiesbut donotclarifythenatureof
ningc.400years.Although morphologicalchanges thosestrategies,whichm ayhavebeenmoresimilar
arenotexpected tocharacterizethee arlieststages towildlife managementthanintensivehusbandry.
ofhumanmanagementoveranimalspopulations
(Zeder&Hesse2000, Z eder 2006),thelack o f SUBERDE
evidence for the developmentofmorphological ThesiteofSub erdeislocatedinaninter-montaine
changesoverthisextended periodoftimeisinte- basinintheBeysehir-Suglaregionofsouthwestern
restingandsuggests thatanimalsmaynothaveb een centralAnatolia(Fig. 1). Suberde represents the
underintensivehumanm anagementand/orwere remainsof asmall villagesettlementofthelatest
notreproductivelyisolated fromlocalwildcaprine AceramicNeolithic a ndis t he earliest excavated
populations(Arbuckle2005). Neolithicsettlementin theBeyehirregion.Radio-
Inaddition,Buitenhuis(1997:659) reports that carbondatesindicatethattheNeolithicoccupation
thesexratioforsheepatAıklıiss lightlybiased in ofSuberde spannedthesecondhalfofthee ighth
favoroffemales,whileforgoats itisskewedtowards millenniumcalBC (Bordaz1965;1966;1969;1973,
males.Theseresults areevidentin thedistribution Bordaz&Alper-Bordaz1977,Arbuckle2008a).
ofastragalusmeasurementspresentedinFigures3 Although originallyinterpreted as representing a
and4. Forsheep,thesemeasur ementsareskewed “Neolithichunters’village”(Perkins&Daly1968),
slightly towards theleftindicating anabundance recent reanalysisoftheSuberde assemblagehas
ofsmallerindividuals(females),whilethegraph shownthatbothsur vivorshipcurvesandmetrical
forgoats isskewedtowardstherightindicating a datasuggest that sheepandpossiblygoats were
concentrationoflargermales.Thesetwop atterns underhuman m anagementat t his site(Arbuckle
areoftenassociated withdifferentexploitation sys- 2008a).SurvivorshipcurvesfortheSuberdecaprines
temswithherdingpracticesoften(butnotalways) indicatethat t hevast majority of animals were
producingsexratiosskewedtowardssmallerfemales selectedforslaughterbetweentheagesof1-3y ears,
(seeFigs3:Çatalhöyük,Kö4k;4:Ganj Dareh),and withdentalweardataindicating apeakbetw een
huntingstrategiesoften(butnotalways)resulting 12-24monthsaspredi ctedbymodelsofmea tor
136 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1)
Theevolutionofsheepandgoathusbandry incentralAnatolia
Fig.3.—Greatest lengthofthe astragalus(GLl)forsheepfromGanjDareh(n=34) (fromHesse1978),AıklıHöyük(n=470),
Suberde(n=21),Çatalhöyükpre-XIItoIV (n=56)(fromRussell&Martin2005),Erbaba(n=95)andKökI-V(n =137).Triangles
representmeanvalues.
ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1) 137
S.ArbuckleB.,ÖztanA.&Gülçur S.
FIG.4.–Greatest lengthofthe astragalus(GLl)forgoats fromGanjDareh(n=170)(fromHesse1978),AıklıHöyük(n=87),Suberde
(n=4),Çatalhöyükpre-XIItoIV (n=10)(fromRussell&Martin2005),Erbaba(n=30),andKökI-V(n =50).Trianglesrepresent
meanvalues.
138 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA •2009•44 (1)