Table Of ContentSDG: 16
Peace and Justice, Strong Institutions
Ernesto U. Savona
Rob T. Guerette
Alberto Aziani Editors
The Evolution
of Illicit Flows
Displacement and Convergence among
Transnational Crime
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Ernesto U. Savona
Rob T. Guerette • Alberto Aziani
Editors
The Evolution of Illicit
Flows
Displacement and Convergence
among Transnational Crime
Editors
Ernesto U. Savona Rob T. Guerette
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Department of Criminology
and Transcrime and Criminal Justice
Milan, Italy Florida International University
Miami, FL, USA
Alberto Aziani
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
and Transcrime
Milan, Italy
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Acknowledgments
This book originates from the research project “FLOWS: Displacement and
Convergence of Illicit Flows.” The analysis of displacement and convergence
was selected as a conceptual framework through which to explore the rela-
tionship between enforcement actions and transnational crime flows and, in
turn, better understand how to design both more fair and effective policies.
An initial deliberation between the editors, the authors, and experts on trans-
national crime took place during an in-person workshop in Milan. The meet-
ing afforded the opportunity to both specify the most relevant interpretations
and identify the implications of displacement and convergence for efforts
designed to counter transnational crimes. In the proceeding 2 years, the
authors, editors, and referees, together with a consortium of international
research institutions, prepared, discussed, and integrated their work focusing
on the conceptual and empirical analysis of transnational crimes. Thanks to
the work of all of those involved, the results of that exciting project have
culminated in this book, entitled The Evolution of Illicit Flows: Displacement
and Convergence among Transnational Crime.
The editors of this book are grateful to all the contributors, both for their
enthusiasm in responding to the original proposal and for their dedication,
creativity, and professionalism in developing their research and revising their
chapters in response to feedback from the anonymous reviewers. We are also
grateful to each of the reviewers for their scrupulousness and valuable sug-
gestions. We also wish to acknowledge all the representatives of civic society,
law enforcement agencies, and academia who provided invaluable feedback
throughout the duration of the project.
We are also grateful to the many members of the partner institutions who
facilitated the meetings and deliberation of the project. Their efforts and ideas
proved to be fundamental to the development of the contents of this book.
Our sincere thanks go to the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies of the
American University in Cairo and, in particular, to Ibrahim Awad, Maysa
Ayoub, and Sara Sadek for their continued and instrumental support. We also
want to express our gratitude to Filippo Musca, who coordinated the contri-
bution of the Siracusa International Institute for Criminal Justice and Human
Rights to the project. All the research and administrative staff from
Transcrime-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Crime&tech, and Florida
International University are also extended thanks; it would not have been pos-
sible to publish this book without their support.
v
vi Acknowledgments
Thanks also go to Sofia Geck and Judith Newlin for their support and
cooperation from the very first day that we presented them with the proposal
for this book as well as to all the Springer staff for their assistance during the
production of the book.
Finally, we are grateful to PMI IMPACT, a global grant initiative of Philip
Morris International that supports projects dedicated to fighting illegal trade
and related crimes, for providing funding for the original project which led to
the development of this book. We appreciate their professional assistance and
belief in the importance of this research topic. We should conclude by noting
that this publication solely reflects the views of the authors and editors, and
not those of others. The editors retained full control and stand as guarantors
of the independence of the research and its results, including this book, its
topics, the authors, the reviewers, and the publisher.
Milan and Miami, June 30, 2021
Ernesto U. Savona
Rob T. Guerette
Alberto Aziani
Contents
1 Introduction to “The Evolution of Illicit Flows:
Displacement and Convergence Among
Transnational Crime” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ernesto U. Savona, Rob T. Guerette, and Alberto Aziani
Part I Concepts, Theories, History, and Perspectives
2 The Displacement and Convergence of Transnational
Crime Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rob T. Guerette and Alberto Aziani
3 Trafficking in the Mediterranean World:
A Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Sasha D. Pack
4 Human Smuggling in the Mediterranean: A Comparative
Analysis of the Central and Eastern Mediterranean
Smuggling Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Luigi Achilli
5 Global Cocaine Flows, Geographical Displacement,
and Crime Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Tim Boekhout van Solinge
Part II Topical Analyses in Convergence and Displacement
of Transnational Crimes
6 Human Smuggling in North Africa: A Preliminary
Exploration of Macro- and Micro-level
Displacement Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Paolo Campana
7 Displacement of Human Smuggling: An Exploratory
Analysis of the Effects of Law 82/2016 in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Gianluca A. Bertoni and Alberto Aziani
vii
viii Contents
8 Can Migration Flows Be Controlled? The Effects
of the Italian 2017–2018 Policy Against Illegal Immigration . . . 125
Martina E. Marchesi
9 Does Human Smuggling Converge with Other Transnational
Crimes in North Africa and the Mediterranean Area? . . . . . . . . 149
Marina Mancuso and Francesca Maldi
10 Structure and Evolution of Drug Trafficking Networks
in North Africa: The Impact of Rule of Law and Corruption . . 173
Cecilia Meneghini
Part III I mplications, Current Trends and Future Directions
11 Human Trafficking in the MENA Region: Trends
and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Carlos Manuel Abaunza
12 Future Directions in the Study of Displacement
and Convergence Among Transnational Crime Flows . . . . . . . . 215
Alberto Aziani and Rob T. Guerette
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
About the Editors
Ernesto U. Savona is Director of Transcrime, Professor of Criminology at
the Università Cattolica, and Editor in Chief of the European Journal on
Criminal Policy and Research. He was also nominated President of the
European Society of Criminology for the years 2003/2004. He has been con-
sultant to the United Nations, Council of Europe (where he was appointed
one of the seven members of the Scientific and Criminological Council in
1996), the European Union, and various national governments. From 1990 to
1994, he was visiting fellow and project director at the National Institute of
Justice, Research Centre of the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C.,
where he was manager of two projects on organized crime and international
money laundering.
Rob T. Guerette is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the
Steven J. Green School for International and Public Affairs at Florida
International University (FIU). He has published extensively in the areas of
transnational crime, program and policy evaluation, and crime pattern analy-
sis for crime prevention. In addition to his work analyzing domestic crime
patterns, his research has focused on human smuggling and kidnapping for
ransom. He was a Fellow at the Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers
University, and a U.S. Fulbright Specialist to Iceland in 2021.
Alberto Aziani is Assistant Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of
Political and Social Sciences at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan
and Researcher at Transcrime. His main research interests are organized
crime and illicit markets. On these topics, he has conducted studies and
developed projects for international organizations and funding institutions.
He cooperates with the UN and the EC in research projects related to illicit
drug trafficking and money laundering.
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