The Everyday Writer with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates

617 Pages·2010·12.82 MB·English

by  Andrea A. Lunsford

Usage and Style Resources
Language MLA Documentation
19 Writing to the World 48 MLA Style for In-Text
20 Language That Builds Citations
p p
Common Ground a 49 Explanatory and Bibliographic a
g g
21 Language Variety e Notes e
s s
22 Word Choice and Spelling 1 50 List of Works Cited 3
9 6
23 Glossary of Usage 9 – 51 student essay, mla style 9 –
2 4
3 1
3 9
Sentence Style APA, Chicago, and CSE
24 Coordination, Documentation
Subordination, and 52 APA Style
Emphasis pa student essay, apa style pa
g g
25 Consistency and e 53 Chicago Style e
s s
Completeness 2 student essay, chicago style 4
26 Parallelism 35 54 CSE Style 21
– –
27 Shifts 2 student proposal, cse style 4
5 8
28 Conciseness 7 9
29 Sentence Variety
Sentence Grammar For Multilingual Writers
30 Basic Grammar 55 Writing in U.S. Academic
31 Verbs Genres
p p
32 Subject-Verb Agreement a 56 Clauses and Sentences a
g g
33 Pronouns es 57 Nouns and Noun Phrases es
34 Adjectives and Adverbs 2 58 Verbs and Verb Phrases 4
5 9
35 Modifier Placement 9 – 59 Prepositions and 1 –
36 Comma Splices and Fused 32 Prepositional Phrases 51
Sentences 2 8
37 Sentence Fragments
Punctuation and Mechanics Writing in the Disciplines
38 Commas 60 Academic Work in Any
39 Semicolons Discipline
p p
40 End Punctuation a 61 Writing for the Humanities a
g g
41 Apostrophes es student essay es
42 Quotation Marks 3 62 Writing for the Social Sciences 5
2 1
43 Other Punctuation 3 – student report 9 –
44 Capital Letters 36 63 Writing for the Natural and 56
45 Abbreviations and Numbers 8 Applied Sciences 1
46 Italics student lab report
47 Hyphens 64 Writing for Business
student documents
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For Bedford / St. Martin’s
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Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back
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The
Fourth Edition
EVERYDAY
Writer
Andrea A. Lunsford
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
A section for multilingual writers with
Paul Kei Matsuda
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Christine M. Tardy
DEPAUL UNIVERSITY
BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN’S
Boston ◆ New York
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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How to Use This Book
The Everyday Writerprovides a “short and sweet” writing reference you
can use easily on your own—at work, in class, even on the run. Small
enough to tuck into a backpack or briefcase, this text has been designed
to help you find information quickly, efficiently, and easily. I hope that
this book will prove to be an everyday reference—and that the follow-
ing tips will lead you to any information you need.
Ways into the book
QUICK ACCESS MENU. Inside the front cover you’ll find a list of the
book’s contents. Once you locate a general topic on the quick access
menu, flip to the tabbed section of the book that contains information on
the topic, and check the menu on the tabbed divider for the exact page.
USER-FRIENDLY INDEX. The index lists everything covered in the book.
You can look up a topic either by its formal name (ellipses, for example)
or, if you’re not sure what the formal name is, by a familiar word you
use to describe it (such as dots).
BRIEF CONTENTS. Inside the back cover, a brief but detailed table of con-
tents lists chapter titles and major headings.
GUIDE TO THE TOP TWENTY. The first tabbed section provides guidelines
for recognizing, understanding, and editing the most common errors in
student writing today. This section includes brief explanations, hand-
edited examples, and cross-references to other places in the book where
you’ll find more detail.
CLEAR ADVICE ON RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION. Easy-to-follow
source maps walk you step-by-step through the processes of selecting,
evaluating, using, and citing sources. Documentation models appear in
two tabbed sections—gold for MLAstyle and white for APA, Chicago,
and CSE styles—with the different documentation styles color-coded
in these sections.
REVISION SYMBOLS. If your instructor uses revision symbols to mark your
drafts, you can consult the list of symbols at the back of the book and its
cross-references to places in the book where you’ll find more help.
GLOSSARY OF USAGE. Chapter 19 gives quick advice on commonly con-
fused and misused words.
iii
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iv How to use this book
Ways to navigate the pages
1 GUIDES AT THE TOP OF EVERY PAGE. Headers tell you what chapter
or subsection you’re in, the chapter number and section letter, the
name of the tab, and the page number.
2 “AT A GLANCE” BOXES. These boxes at the beginning of most chap-
ters—and elsewhere in the book as well—help you check your
drafts with a critical eye and revise or edit.
3 BOXED TIPS THROUGHOUT THE BOOK.
• Tips on academic language, concepts, and style. “Talking the
Talk” and “Talking about Style” boxes help you make sense of
how writing works in the academic world and help you make
stylistic choices for various kinds of writing—in communities,
jobs, and disciplines.
• Tips for multilingual writers. Advice for multilingual writers
appears in a separate tabbed section and in boxes throughout
the book. You can also find a list of the topics covered, including
language-specific tips, at the back of the book.
• Tips for considering disabilities. These boxes, which also ap-
pear throughout the book, help you make your work accessible
to readers with disabilities. If you’re a writer with a disability,
these boxes also point out resources and strategies you may
want to use.
• Tips on common assignments. Advice about dealing with the
most common assignments in first-year writing—and in other
disciplines—appears in boxed tips throughout the book.
4 HAND-EDITED EXAMPLES. Many examples are hand-edited in blue,
allowing you to see the error and its revision at a glance. Pointers
and boldface type make examples easy to spot on the page.
5 CROSS-REFERENCES TO THE WEB SITE. The Everyday Writer Web site
expands the book’s coverage. The cross-references to the Web site
point you to practical online resources—tutorials, interactive exer-
cises, model papers, research and documentation help, and more.
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How to use this book v
34b
308 Grammar Adjectives and adverbs 1
AT A GLANCE 2
Editing Adjectives and Adverbs
• Scrutinize each adjective and adverb. Consider synonyms for each
word to see whether you have chosen the best word possible.
• See if a more specific noun would eliminate the need for an adjective
(mansionrather than enormous house,for instance). Do the same with
verbs and adverbs.
• Look for places where you might make your writing more specific or
vivid by adding an adjective or adverb.
• Check that adjectives modify only nouns and pronouns and that
adverbs modify only verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (34b) Check
especially for proper use of goodand well, badand badly, realand really.
(34b and c)
• Make sure all comparisons are complete. (34c)
34b Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs
In everyday conversation, you will often hear (and perhaps use) adjec-
tives in place of adverbs. For example, people often say go quickinstead
of go quickly. When you write in standard academic English, however,
use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
carefully.
(cid:2) You can feel the song’s meter if you listen careful.
^ 4
really
(cid:2) The audience was real disappointed by the show.
^
FOR MULTILINGUAL WRITERS 3
Using Adjectives with Plural Nouns
In Spanish, Russian, and many other languages, adjectives agree in
number with the nouns they modify. In English, adjectives do not
change number this way:the kittens are cute (not cutes).
D bedfordstmartins.com/everydaywriter For exercises,go to Exercise Centraland 5
click onAdjectives and Adverbs.
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Preface
Today, perhaps more than ever before, everyonecan be a writer—every
day. From contributing entries to Wikipediato blogging, texting, and
posting to YouTube and Facebook, student writers are participating
widely in what philosopher Kenneth Burke calls “the conversation of
humankind.” As access to new writing spaces grows, so too do the po-
tential audiences: many writers, for example, are in daily contact with
people around the world, and their work goes out to millions. In such a
time, writers need to think more carefully than ever about how to craft
effective messages and how best to represent themselves to others.
These ever-expanding opportunities for writers, as well as the chal-
lenges that inevitably come with them, have inspired this edition of The
Everyday Writer—from the focus on thinking carefully about audience
and purposes for writing and on attending to the “look” of writing, to
the emphasis on the ways writing works across disciplines, to the ques-
tions that new genres and forms of writing raise about citing and docu-
menting sources and about understanding and avoiding plagiarism.
What remains constant is the focus on the “everydayness” of writing
and on down-to-earth, practical advice for how to write well in a multi-
tude of situations.
What also remains constant is the focus on rhetorical concerns. In a
time of such challenging possibilities, taking a rhetorical perspective is
particularly important. Why? Because a rhetorical perspective rejects
either/or, right/wrong, black/white approaches to writing in favor of
asking what choices will be most appropriate, effective, and ethical in a
given writing situation. A rhetorical perspective also means paying
careful attention to the purposes we want to achieve and the audiences
we want to address. Writers today need to maintain such a rhetorical
perspective every single day, and The Everyday Writer, Fourth Edition,
provides writers with the tools for doing so.
A note about MLA style
The guidelines for MLAdocumentation in this update to the Fourth
Edition of The EverydayWriterfollow the recommendations in the MLA
Handbook for Writers of ResearchPapers,Seventh Edition (2009).
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