Table Of ContentGender and Politics series
Series editors: Johanna Kantola, University of Helsinki, Finland and Judith
Squires, University of Bristol, UK
This timely new series publishes leading monographs and edited collections
from scholars working in the disciplinary areas of politics, international rela-
tions and public policy with specific reference to questions of gender. The series
showcases cutting-edge research in Gender and Politics, publishing topical and
innovative approaches to gender politics. It will include exciting work from new
authors and well-known academics and will also publish high-impact writings
by practitioners working in issues relating to gender and politics.
The series covers politics, international relations and public policy, including
gendered engagement with mainstream political science issues, such as polit-
ical systems and policymaking, representation and participation, citizenship
and identity, equality, and women’s movements; gender and international
relations, including feminist approaches to international institutions, polit-
ical economy and global politics; and interdisciplinary and emergent areas of
study, such as masculinities studies, gender and multiculturalism, and inter-
sectionality.
Potential contributors are encouraged to contact the series editors: Johanna
Kantola ([email protected]) and Judith Squires (judith.squires@
bristol.ac.uk)
Series Advisory Board:
Louise Chappell, University of Sydney, Australia
Joni Lovenduksi, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
Amy Mazur, Washington State University, USA
Jacqui True, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Mieke Verloo, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Laurel Weldon, Purdue University, USA
Titles include:
Gabriele Abels and Joyce Marie Mushaben (editors)
GENDERING THE EUROPEAN UNION: New Approaches to Old
Democratic Deficits
Sarah Childs and Paul Webb
SEX, GENDER AND THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY: From Iron Lady to Kitten
Heels
Jonathan Dean
RETHINKING CONTEMPORARY FEMINIST POLITICS
Mona Lena Krook and Fiona Mackay (editors)
GENDER, POLITICS AND INSTITUTIONS: Towards a Feminist
Institutionalism
Emanuela Lombardo and Maxime Forest (editors)
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES: A Discursive-
Sociological Approach
Gender and Politics Series
Series Standing Order ISBNs 978-0-230-23917-3 Hardback
Series Standing Order ISBNs 978-0-230-23918-0 Paperback
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with
your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
The Europeanization of
Gender Equality Policies
A Discursive-Sociological Approach
Edited by
Emanuela Lombardo
Ramón y Cajal Researcher, Complutense
University of Madrid, Spain
and
Maxime Forest
QUING Postdoctoral Researcher, Complutense
University of Madrid, Spain
Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Emanuela
Lombardo and Maxime Forest 2012
All remaining chapters© respective authors 2012
Foreword © Vivien A. Schmidt 2012
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-28439-5
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
90 Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2012 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-32953-3 ISBN 978-0-230-35537-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230355378
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of
the country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
Contents
List of Tables and Annex vii
List of Figures viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgements xi
Foreword xiii
Notes on Contributors xvii
1 The Europeanization of Gender Equality Policies:
A Discursive-Sociological Approach 1
Maxime Forest and Emanuela Lombardo
2 ‘Going Soft’? Analysing the Contribution of Soft and
Hard Measures in EU Gender Law and Policy 28
Fiona Beveridge
3 Meanings and Uses of Europe in Making Policies
against Domestic Violence in Central and Eastern Europe 49
Andrea Krizsan and Raluca Popa
4 Changing French Reconciliation Policies and the Usages
of Europe: Reluctant Europeanization? 75
Sophie Jacquot, Clémence Ledoux, and Bruno Palier
5 Using the EU to Promote Gender Equality Policy
in a Traditional Context: Reconciliation of Work and
Family Life in Italy 99
Alessia Donà
6 Comparing the Europeanization of Multiple
Inequalities in Southern Europe: A
Discursive-Institutionalist Analysis 121
Emanuela Lombardo and María Bustelo
7 Swimming against the Tide: Contested Norms and
Antidiscrimination Advocacy in Central and
Eastern Europe 145
Aron Buzogány
8 Use of the Europeanization Frame in Same-Sex
Partnership Issues across Europe 168
Roman Kuhar
v
vi Contents
9 Is Gender Equality Soluble into Self-Governance?
Regionalizing and Europeanizing Gender
Policies in Spain 192
Alba Alonso and Maxime Forest
10 Prospects and Challenges for Discursive-Sociological
Studies of the Europeanization of Equality Policies 214
Emanuela Lombardo and Maxime Forest
Index 237
Tables and Annex
Tables
3.1 European Commission pressure on domestic violence
against women in five countries 56
3.2 References used in domestic violence policy texts 64
4.1 EU policy on reconciliation of work and private life 78
4.2 The evolution of French policies on reconciliation of
paid work and private life 87
5.1 The compulsory minimum standards of the 1996
Directive on parental leave 104
5.2 Content of Law 53/2000: leaves and
financial incentives 113
6.1 References to the EU in national policy documents 132
8.1 Olsen’s uses of Europeanization 174
8.2 The strongest frames in same-sex partnership policies
across Europe in diagnosis (definition of the problem),
prognosis (solution of the problem), and combined 177
8.3 Mean index values of the strongest frames for four
groups of countries in Europe 180
Annex
6.1 List of coded documents on ‘General Gender Equality
Legislation and Machinery’ in the EU, Spain, Italy,
and Portugal 138
vii
Figures
4.1 Percentage of the population of children between
three years of age and school age cared for in
formal institutions 80
4.2 Percentage of the population of children under
three years of age cared for in formal institutions 81
4.3 Employment rates in France, 1992–2008 83
5.1 Lawmaking process of Law 53/2000 111
8.1 Strength of the Europeanization frame according
to the homonegativity scale 182
viii
Abbreviations
ACIDI Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Diálogo Intercultural
(High Commission for Immigration and Intercultural
Dialogue)
CA Comunidades Autónomas (Autonomous Communities)
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
CEEC(s) Central and Eastern European Countries
CFA Critical Frame Analysis
CFCF Chance for Children Foundation
CICDR Comissão para a Igualdade e Contra a Discriminação Racial
(Commission for Equality and against Racial Discrimination)
CIDM Commission for Equality and Rights of Women
CIG Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality
CiU Convergencia i Unió (Convergence and Union)
CLCA Complément Libre Choix d’Activité (Benefit compensating
a short period of professional inactivity or part-time work
for childcare)
CMG Complément Libre Choix du Mode de Garde (Benefit for
hiring a registered childminder)
CNAF Caisse Nationale d’Allocations Familiales (National
Family Fund)
CoE Council of Europe
COFACE Confederation of Family Organisations in the European
Union
COLCA Complément Optionnel de Libre Choix d’Activité (Benefit
credited from the third child to the parent assuming
childcare and interrupting any professional activity for a
maximum of one year)
EC European Community
ECHR European Court of Human Rights
ECJ European Court of Justice
EEC European Economic Community
EES European Employment Strategy
EGGSIE Expert Group on Gender Social Inclusion and Employment
ix
