Table Of Contenta
r
a
In the framework of the so-called Barcelona process, the European Union ah
S
concluded several bilateral agreements with Morocco aimed to deepen their n
r
economic integration. The 2000 Association agreement EU-Morocco is the te
s
general legal framework for the development of relationships among the two We
parties. In this context, the recent Agreement on reciprocal liberalisation s The European Union Approach
d
r
measures on agricultural products and fishery products, entered in force in a
w
2012, and the protocol to the Fisheries Partnership Agreement, adopted in o Towards Western Sahara
T
2013, were established. They reiterate and update former agreements. No h
c
a
one of them expressly excludes the territory of Western Sahara from the o
r
p
scope of application, in contrast with other similar agreements negotiated with p
A
other countries, such as the Free Trade Pact between Morocco and the United n
o
States of America. The non-exclusion of the territory of Western Sahara raises ni
U
several concerns on the compliance of these agreements with International n
a
Law, not only in relation to the principle of self-determination of peoples but e
p
o
also with the principle of sovereignty of natural resources, the prohibition of r
u
E
exploitation of resources of a territory under occupation, the obligation not e
h
to recognise situations arisen in an illegal way, the prohibition to negotiate T
agreements with an occupying country once the process of decolonisation •
has begun. ds.)
e
hi (
c
s
a
L
Marco Balboni is Professor of International and European Law at the University a
n
of Bologna. As an expert in non-discrimination and refugee law, he sits in the a
uli Marco Balboni & Giuliana Laschi (eds.)
Territorial Commission for the Recognition of the International Protection for Gi
Refugees. His fields of expertise include self-determination, especially in rela- &
ni
tion to the Western Sahara case and the Sahrawi refugees. o
b
al
Giuliana Laschi is Professor of History of European Integration (Jean Monnet B
o
Chair ad personam) and Contemporary History at the University of Bologna. c
r
a
She presides the Scientific Committee of Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence M
– Punto Europa Forlì and is Vice-President of AUSE (University Association of
European Studies).
ISBN 978-2-8076-0103-1
P.I.E. Peter Lang
Brussels www.peterlang.com P.I.E. Peter Lang
a
r
a
In the framework of the so-called Barcelona process, the European Union ah
S
concluded several bilateral agreements with Morocco aimed to deepen their n
r
economic integration. The 2000 Association agreement EU-Morocco is the te
s
general legal framework for the development of relationships among the two We
parties. In this context, the recent Agreement on reciprocal liberalisation s The European Union Approach
d
r
measures on agricultural products and fishery products, entered in force in a
w
2012, and the protocol to the Fisheries Partnership Agreement, adopted in o Towards Western Sahara
T
2013, were established. They reiterate and update former agreements. No h
c
a
one of them expressly excludes the territory of Western Sahara from the o
r
p
scope of application, in contrast with other similar agreements negotiated with p
A
other countries, such as the Free Trade Pact between Morocco and the United n
o
States of America. The non-exclusion of the territory of Western Sahara raises ni
U
several concerns on the compliance of these agreements with International n
a
Law, not only in relation to the principle of self-determination of peoples but e
p
o
also with the principle of sovereignty of natural resources, the prohibition of r
u
E
exploitation of resources of a territory under occupation, the obligation not e
h
to recognise situations arisen in an illegal way, the prohibition to negotiate T
agreements with an occupying country once the process of decolonisation •
has begun. ds.)
e
hi (
c
s
a
L
Marco Balboni is Professor of International and European Law at the University a
n
of Bologna. As an expert in non-discrimination and refugee law, he sits in the a
uli Marco Balboni & Giuliana Laschi (eds.)
Territorial Commission for the Recognition of the International Protection for Gi
Refugees. His fields of expertise include self-determination, especially in rela- &
ni
tion to the Western Sahara case and the Sahrawi refugees. o
b
al
Giuliana Laschi is Professor of History of European Integration (Jean Monnet B
o
Chair ad personam) and Contemporary History at the University of Bologna. c
r
a
She presides the Scientific Committee of Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence M
– Punto Europa Forlì and is Vice-President of AUSE (University Association of
European Studies).
ISBN 978-2-8076-0103-1
P.I.E. Peter Lang
Brussels www.peterlang.com P.I.E. Peter Lang
The european union
approach Towards
wesTern sahara
P.I.E. Peter Lang
Bruxelles • Bern • Berlin • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Oxford • Wien
EUROCLIO is a scientific and editorial project, a network of research institutions
and researchers, and an ideas forum. EUROCLIO as an editorial project consists
of two aspects: the first concerns studies and documents, the second concerns
tools. Both are aimed at making the results of research more accessible, and also
at opening up paths through the history of European construction/integration/
unification.
The EUROCLIO series meets a dual objective:
- to provide reference tools for research,
- to provide a platform for this research in terms of the publication of results.
The series thus consists of two sub-series that satisfy these requirements: the
Studies and Documents series and the References series. These two series are
aimed at general libraries and/or university history departments, teachers and
researchers, and in certain cases, specific professional circles.
The Studies and Documents series consists of monographs, collections of ar-
ticles, conference proceedings, and collections of texts with notes for teaching
purposes.
The References series consists of bibliographies, guides and other tools. It thus
contributes to the creation of a database making up a “Permanent catalogue of
sources and bibliographies on European construction”.
Edited by
éric Bussière, Université de Paris-Sorbonne (France),
Michel Dumoulin, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgique),
& Antonio Varsori, Universitá degli Studi di Padova (Italia)
The european union
approach Towards
wesTern sahara
Marco BalBoni and Giuliana laschi (eds.)
Euroclio
Vol. 98
Volume pubblicato nell’ambito dei progetti di cooperazione internazionale
decentrata con il contributo della Regione Emilia Romagna, promossi da:
Sostenuta da Comune di Ravenna, Comune di Forlì, Comune di Nonantola
(MO), CISP-ER, Nexus (Bologna), Peace Games (Bologna), Comune di Ponte San
Nicolò (PD), AUSER ER (Bologna), CGIL (Ravenna); Associazioni: Kabara Lagdaf
(Modena), El Ouali (Bologna), 1514 Oltre il muro (Ponte San Nicolò – PD),
TreCaSma (Trento).
The book was subject to a double blind refereeing process.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy,
microfilm or any other means, without prior written permission from the
publisher. All rights reserved.
© P.I.E. PETER LANG s.a.
éditions scientifiques internationales
Brussels, 2017
1 avenue Maurice, B-1050 Brussels, Belgique
www.peterlang.com; [email protected]
Printed in Germany
ISSN 0944-2294 ISBN 978-2-8076-0103-1
ePDF 978-2-8076-0104-8 ePub 978-2-8076-0105-5
Mobi 978-2-8076-0106-2 DOI 10.3726/b10720
D/2017/5678/12
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Names: Balboni, Marco, editor. | Laschi, Gi-
uliana, 1962- editor. Title: The European Union approach towards Western Sahara / Marco Balboni
and Giuliana Laschi (eds.). Description: Brussels : P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2016. | Series: Euroclio, ISSN
0944-2294 ; Vol. 97 | Includes bibliographical references. | English; one contribution in French.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016039419 (print) | LCCN 2016052135 (ebook) | ISBN 9782807601031 |
ISBN 9782807600768 | ISBN 9782807600775 (ePDF) | ISBN 9782807600782 (ePub) | ISBN
9782807600799 (Mobi) | ISBN 9782807601048 () | ISBN 9782807601055 () | ISBN 9782807601062
( ) Subjects: LCSH: European Union countries--Foreign relations--Morocco. | Morocco--
Foreign relations--European Union countries. | European Union countries--Foreign economic relations--
Morocco. | Morocco--Foreign economic relations--European Union countries. | Western Sahara--In-
ternational status. Classification: LCC D2025.5.M67 E87 2016 (print) | LCC D2025.5.M67 (ebook) |
DDC 341.242/209648--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039419
Bibliographic information published by “Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek”
“Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek” lists this publication in the “Deutsche Nationalbibliogra-
fie”; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Table of Contents
Introduction ..........................................................................................11
Marco Balboni & Giuliana Laschi
Les origines de la “question du Sahara Occidental”:
enjeux historiques, défis politiques .....................................................33
Francesco Correale
The Principle, the Right of Self-determination
and the People of Western Sahara ......................................................61
Carlos Ruiz Miguel
Fish before Peace. The EU’s Controversial Fisheries
in Occupied Western Sahara ...............................................................87
Erik Hagen
The Principle of Sovereignty of Natural Resources
and its Consequences .........................................................................129
Hans Corell
Legal Aspects of the European Union’s Approach
towards Western Sahara ...................................................................137
Ricardo Passos
The 2013 Fisheries Protocol between the EU and
Morocco: Fishing ‘too South’ Continues… .....................................151
Enrico Milano
Appendix .............................................................................................163
Edited by Carmelo Danisi
Documents
United Nations .....................................................................................167
1. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
22 October 2015, Concluding Observations on the Fourth
Periodic Report of Morocco, E/C.12/MAR/CO/4.
2. UN Security Council, Under-Secretary-General for Legal
Affairs, Legal Counsel, Letter dated 29 January 2002
addressed to the President of the Security Council, New York,
12 February 2002, S/2002/161.
7
European Union ...................................................................................177
3. Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European
Community and the Kingdom of Morocco, adopted by Council
Regulation (EC) No. 764/2006, 22 May 2006, in OJEU,
L 141/1, 2006.
4. Protocol between the European Union and the Kingdom of
Morocco setting out the fishing opportunities and financial
contribution provided for in the Fisheries Partnership
Agreement between the European Union and the Kingdom
of Morocco, adopted by Council decision 2013/785/EU,
16 December 2013, in OJEU, L 349/1, 21 December 2013.
5. Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between
the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco
concerning reciprocal liberalisation measures on agricultural
products, processed agricultural products, fish and fishery
products, the replacement of Protocols 1, 2 and 3 and their
Annexes and amendments to the Euro-Mediterranean
Agreement establishing an association between the European
Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the
Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part, adopted by Council
decision 2012/497/EU, 8 March 2012, in OJEU, L 241/2,
7 September 2012.
6. Council of the European Union, Legal Service, Opinion on
the Currently Negotiated Partnership Fisheries Agreement
between the EC and the Kingdom of Morocco, Brussels,
22 February 2006, 6664/06.
African Union .......................................................................................213
7. African Union Commission, Office of the Legal Counsel and
Directorate for Legal Affairs of the African Union, Legal
Opinion on the Legality in the Context of International Law,
Including the Relevant United Nations Resolutions and OAU/
AU Decisions, of Actions Allegedly Taken by the Moroccan
Authorities or Any Other State, Group of States, Foreign
Companies or Any Other Entity in the Exploration and/
or Exploitation of Renewable and Non-Renewable Natural
Resources or Any Other Economic Activity in Western Sahara,
Addis Abeba, 14 October 2015.
8
