Table Of ContentTHE EUROPEAN UNION AND
THE TECHNOLOGY SHIFT
Interdisciplinary European Studies
EDITED BY ANTONINA BAKARDJIEVA ENGELBREKT
KARIN LEIJON · ANNA MICHALSKI · LARS OXELHEIM
The European Union and the Technology Shift
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt
Karin Leijon • Anna Michalski
Lars Oxelheim
Editors
The European Union
and the Technology
Shift
Editors
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt Karin Leijon
Faculty of Law Department of Government
Stockholm University Uppsala University
Stockholm, Sweden Uppsala, Sweden
Anna Michalski Lars Oxelheim
Department of Government University of Agder
Uppsala University Kristiansand, Norway
Uppsala, Sweden
Research Institute of Industrial
Economics (IFN)
Stockholm, Sweden
ISBN 978-3-030-63671-5 ISBN 978-3-030-63672-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63672-2
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C
ontents
1 What Does the Technological Shift Have in Store
for the EU? Opportunities and Pitfalls for European
Societies 1
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Karin Leijon, Anna
Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim
2 Technological Megashift and the EU: Threats,
Vulnerabilities and Fragmented Responsibilities 27
Lindy M. Newlove-Eriksson and Johan Eriksson
3 Technological Discontinuities and the Climate
Transition in Europe: The Role of Policy in Two
Traditions of Economic Thinking 57
Staffan Jacobsson and Björn Sandén
4 AI in the EU: Ethical Guidelines as a Governance Tool 85
Stefan Larsson
5 How Does the EU Protect Competition in the Digital
Platform Economy? 113
Björn Lundqvist
v
vi CONTENTS
6 Digitalisation, Productivity and Jobs: A European
Perspective 135
Fredrik Heyman, Pehr-Johan Norbäck, and Lars Persson
7 Technological Shifts and the Social Partners: Is the
European Semester Heading Towards a Social Europe? 161
Jenny Jansson, Olle Jansson, and Jan Ottosson
8 Money for Nothin’: Digitalization and Fluid Tax Bases 185
Mårten Blix and Emil Bustos
9 New Tax on Digital Services: A Step Towards Fairer
Taxation in the EU’s Single Market? 211
Pernilla Rendahl
10 Digital Democracy and the European Union 237
Martin Karlsson
Index 263
n C
otes on ontributors
Mårten Blix is research fellow at the Research Institute of Industrial
Economics (IFN) in Stockholm, Sweden. He holds an MSc in Econometrics
from The London School of Economics and Political Science and a
PhD in Economics from Stockholm University. His research interests
include digitalisation, public finance and welfare.
Emil Bustos is a PhD candidate at the Stockholm School of Economics
in Sweden. He holds an MSc in Economics from the Paris School of
Economics. His research interests include labour market institutions and
the role of commercial insurance.
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt is Professor of European Law at the
Faculty of Law of Stockholm University. She is chair of the Swedish
Network for European Legal Studies (SNELS), and she has been Torsten
och Ragnar Söderberg Professor of Legal Science (2015–2018). Her
research interests include European economic law and the influence of
Europeanisation and globalisation on national laws and institutions.
Johan Eriksson is Professor of Political Science at Södertörn University.
His research interests include international relations, security studies and
foreign policy, specifically politics of technology and expertise, space pol-
icy and cybersecurity.
Fredrik Heyman is Associate Professor of Economics and senior research
fellow at the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) in
Stockholm. His research interests include how globalisation and new tech-
nologies affect firms and workers.
vii
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Staffan Jacobsson is Professor Emeritus of Science and Technology
Policy, Chalmers University of Technology. His research interests include
technical and industrial development, such as computer-controlled
machine tools, wind turbines, solar cells and gasified biomass.
Jenny Jansson is a researcher at the Department of Government, Uppsala
University. Her research interests include industrial relations, social media
and workers’ education.
Olle Jansson is a researcher at the Department of Economic History,
Uppsala University. His areas of interests include labour migration and
migration governance in Sweden during the post-war period, post-war
industrial relations and social partners policies and influence on social
protection for employees.
Martin Karlsson is Associate Professor of Political Science at Örebro
University. His research interests include the relationship between infor-
mation technology and politics, as well as citizen participation in demo-
cratic decision-making.
Stefan Larsson is a lawyer (LLM), senior lecturer and Associate Professor
of Technology and Social Change at the Department of Technology and
Society, Lund University, Sweden. His research interests include
issues of trust and transparency on digital, data-driven markets, and
the socio-legal impact of autonomous and AI-driven technologies.
Karin Leijon holds a PhD in Political Science and is a researcher at the
Department of Government, Uppsala University. Her research interests
include judicial politics, European legal integration and public
administration.
Björn Lundqvist is Associate Professor of Law at the Department of
Law, Stockholm University. His research interests include innovation,
competition, property and law.
Anna Michalski is Associate Professor of Political Science at the
Department of Government, Uppsala University, and associate research
fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. She is chair for the
Swedish Network for European Studies in Political Science (SNES). Her
research interests include European foreign policy, EU-China rela-
tions, strategic partnerships and socialisation in international
organisations.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix
Lindy M. Newlove-Eriksson is adjunct lecturer at the Swedish Defence
University and doctoral candidate at the Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH). Her research interests include governance and accountability, spe-
cifically with regard to the politics of critical infrastructure, and psychoso-
cial support in crises.
Pehr-Johan Norbäck is Associate Professor of Economics and senior
research fellow at the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) in
Stockholm. His research interests include globalisation, foreign direct
investment and how venture capitalists, entrepreneurs and incumbent
firms interact in the innovation market.
Jan Ottosson is Professor of Economic History at the Department of
Economic History, Uppsala University. His research interests include
business history, financial history, transport history, regulations, industrial
relations and institutional theory, focusing on modern economic his-
tory of Sweden. He is Editor-in-Chief of the peer-review journal
Economic and Industrial Democracy.
Lars Oxelheim is Professor of International Business and Finance at the
University of Agder and affiliated with the Research Institute of Industrial
Economics (IFN). He is the founder of the Swedish Network for
European Studies in Economics and Business (SNEE). His research
interests include economic and financial integration, corporate gover-
nance and risk management.
Lars Persson is Professor of Economics and Deputy Director of Research
Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) in Stockholm. His research inter-
ests include the functioning of imperfectly competitive markets, entrepre-
neurship, technology change and trade.
Pernilla Rendahl is Associate Professor of Tax Law at the Department of
Law, University of Gothenburg. Her research interests include EU law,
societal challenges of tax law and sustainability in tax law.
Björn Sandén is Professor of Innovation and Sustainability at the
Department of Technology Management and Economics at Chalmers
University of Technology. His research interests include technology assess-
ment, industrial ecology, climate policy, innovation systems and sustain-
ability transitions, with a special focus on advanced materials, transport,
electricity systems and the circular economy.
L f
ist of igures
Fig. 3.1 A system-dynamics visualization of the development
of wind power. The figure illustrates how events in the
context increased the legitimacy of wind power and how
several self-reinforcing processes led to a better technology
and a larger market. Government policies influenced
the dynamics in this case through R&D support (down to
the left) and market support, for example, feed-in laws
(up to the right). (Source: Author) 71
Fig. 4.1 Reproduced from Iyad Rahwan’s ‘Society-in-the-Loop:
Programming the Algorithmic Social Contract’ (2018) 96
Fig. 4.2 From AI HLEG (2019b). Seven requirements for the
realisation of trustworthy AI 101
Fig. 6.1 Structural transformation in the business sector: explanatory
factors. (Source: Heyman et al. 2016) 141
Fig. 6.2 Illustration of job polarisation. (Source: Translation
of Fig. 2.2. in Heyman et al. 2016) 148
xi
