Table Of ContentThe european union and Japan
This is a strong collection of incisive and detailed analyses of the state of relations
between the European Union and Japan. The book takes a close look at what the
relationship is today, what it has failed to be, and what it could and should be in
the future. Its central message deserves broad attention: European and Japanese
contributions to global governance are essential, and will become even more
important in the future.
hanns W. Maull, university of Trier and adjunct professor of Strategic Studies,
Johns hopkins university Bologna Center
The world desperately needs actors such as the European Union and Japan who
tackle, head-on and with professional expertise, mundane daily life issues such as
trade and regulations, environmental and energy security, and political, food and
health security issues. This volume is a must-read for those who wish to know what
these two civilian powers aspire to achieve.
Takashi inoguchi, university of Tokyo and university of niigata prefecture,
Japan
This excellent book could not come at a better moment. Japan and the EU are
negotiating a bilateral economic partnership agreement which has received less
attention than counterpart negotiations between the US and Japan and between
the US and the EU. This book offers a precious analysis of the relatively little-
known relationship between Japan and the EU. It also suggests that the chances of
cooperating, learning from each other, and possibly providing a model for global
governance may actually be higher in the Japan-EU endeavor than between these
two societies and the US—a fascinating perspective.
patrick Messerlin, Sciences po, France
The european union and Japan takes a long overdue and fresh look at this
inter-regional relationship, which is of considerable potential importance to
international stability and governance. The book gathers together some of the
leading scholars, both established and emerging, working in this area today
in Japan, Europe and North America. This book demonstrates the continuing
problems in maximizing the potential of EU-Japan relations, but also demonstrates
key areas of cooperation across economics, security, and a broad range of new and
pressing global governance issues. It is essential reading for students, scholars
and practitioners alike.
Christopher W. hughes, Warwick university, uK
Globalisation, europe,
Multilateralism
institutionally supported by the institute for european Studies at the
université libre de Bruxelles
Mario TeLÒ, Series editor
International Editorial Board
Salma BaVa, Jnu, new delhi
Shaun BreSLin, university of Warwick
Theofanis eXadaKTYLoS, university of Surrey
andrew GaMBLe, university of Cambridge
peter KaTZenSTein, Cornell university
robert o. Keohane, princeton university
Christian LeQueSne, Ceri, paris
Leonardo MorLino, LuiSS-Guido Carli, rome
Ben roSaMond, university of Copenhagen
Vivien SChMidT, Boston university
Beth SiMMonS, harvard university
Karen SMiTh, LSe, London
Jan ZieLonKa, university of oxford
Michael ZÜrn, WZB, Berlin
Zhimin Chen, Fudan university, Shanghai
Frederik ponJaerT, uLB, Series Manager ([email protected])
as a leading research institution and a Jean Monnet Centre of excellence in european
Studies, the institut d’Études européennes of the université Libre de Bruxelles (iee-uLB)
supported the launch of this global series with a view to bringing together multidisciplinary
research in global governance and eu studies. The series can draw on a wide and global
network of partner universities across five continents. Among its numerous resources
special mention is to be made of the erasmus Mundus GeM phd School on ‘Globalisation,
europe, Multilateralism’ and the Gr:een european research project on ‘Global reordering:
evolving european networks’.
Volumes included in the series share innovative research objectives centred on:
globalisation, the eu’s changing position therein, resulting forms of multilateral
cooperation, and the role of transnational networks as well as multipolarity in the
contemporary international order. a wide array of possible approaches to these shared
themes are welcomed, including among others: comparative regionalism, public and
foreign policy analysis, eu governance and europeanisation studies, discourse analysis,
area studies, and various institutional perspectives.
With a shared aim to contribute to innovations in the study of both european integration
and international relations, the series includes: collaborative volumes, research based
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and enjoys the advice and feedback of an international editorial board.
The european union and Japan
a new Chapter in Civilian power Cooperation?
Edited by
pauL BaCon
Waseda University, Japan
harTMuT MaYer
University of Oxford, UK
hideToShi naKaMura
Waseda University, Japan
© paul Bacon, hartmut Mayer and hidetoshi nakamura 2015
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
paul Bacon, hartmut Mayer and hidetoshi nakamura have asserted their right under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
published by
ashgate publishing Limited ashgate publishing Company
Wey Court east 110 Cherry Street
union road Suite 3-1
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
The european union and Japan : a new chapter in civilian power cooperation? / edited by
paul Bacon, hartmut Mayer and hidetoshi nakamura.
pages cm. -- (Globalisation, europe, multilateralism series)
includes bibliographical references and index.
iSBn 978-1-4724-5746-2 (hardback) -- iSBn 978-1-4724-5749-3 (paperback)
iSBn 978-1-4724-5747-9 (ebook) -- iSBn 978-1-4724-5748-6 (epub) 1. european
union countries--Foreign relations--Japan. 2. Japan--Foreign relations--european
union countries. 3. european union countries--Foreign economic relations--Japan. 4.
Japan--Foreign economic relations--european union countries. i. Bacon, paul, editor of
compilation. ii. Mayer, hartmut, editor of compilation. iii. nakamura, hidetoshi.
d1065.J3e95 2015
341.242'20952--dc23
2014039549
iSBn 9781472457462 (hbk)
iSBn 9781472457493 (pbk)
iSBn 9781472457479 (ebk – pdF)
iSBn 9781472457486 (ebk – epuB)
printed in the united Kingdom by henry Ling Limited,
at the dorset press, dorchester, dT1 1hd
Contents
List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables vii
Notes on Contributors ix
Foreword by Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
Introduction: EU–Japan Relations in a Fluid Global Order 1
Hartmut Mayer
Part I: JaPan, the eU and CIvIlIan Power relatIons
1 Japan as a ‘Proactive Civilian Power’? Domestic Constraints and
Competing Priorities 17
Hidetoshi Nakamura
2 The EU in a Changing Global Order: Is Emergent German
Hegemony Making the EU Even More of a Civilian Power? 33
Mario Telò
3 The EU through the Eyes of Japan: Perceptions of the European
Union as a Civilian Power 51
Paul Bacon and Martin Holland
Part II: enhanCIng trade relatIons and
regUlatory standards
4 Three Balancing Acts: The EU’s Trade Policy towards East Asia 65
Min Shu
5 The Political and Institutional Significance of an EU–Japan Trade
and Partnership Agreement 85
Frederik Ponjaert
vi The European Union and Japan
6 Food Fights or a Recipe for Cooperation? EU–Japan Relations and
the Development of Norms in Food Safety Policy 115
Gijs Berends
Part III: PromotIng envIronmental, eConomIC and
energy seCUrIty
7 Environmental and Energy Policy: Learning and Cooperation
between the European Union and Japan 133
Miranda A. Schreurs
8 Sympathy or Self-Interest? The Development Agendas of the
European Union and Japan in the 2000s 151
Bart Gaens and Henri Vogt
9 Saving the Kyoto Protocol: What Can We Learn from the
Experience of Japan–EU Cooperation? 169
Hiroshi Ohta and Yves Tiberghien
Part Iv: ProteCtIng PolItICal, Food and health seCUrIty
10 EU–Japan Relations: Civilian Power and the Domestication/
Localization of Human Rights 185
Paul Bacon
11 The EU, Japan and the Balkans: Cooperation for Post-conflict
Nation-building 201
Dimitar Bechev
12 Global Governance of Dual Use in Biomedical Research:
Cooperation between the EU and Japan on How to Minimize or
Prevent Misconduct and Misuse 213
Yasue Fukuda
13 Accountability and the Governance of Food Safety Policy in the
EU and Japan 223
Koji Fukuda
Bibliography 237
Index 265
List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables
Figures
3.1 EU news items/month – all newspapers 53
3.2 Perceived state of EU–Japan relations 56
4.1 East Asian exports to the EU 1980–2012 68
4.2 ASEAN-10 members’ exports to the EU 1980–2012 69
4.3 The EU’s trade deficit with East Asia 1980–2012 70
4.4 EU exports to East Asia 1980–2012 78
5.1 Share of trade covered by PTAs (January 2014) 86
5.2 The EU–Japan partnership: a trade-centric timeline 90
5.3 The rhythm of recent European and Japanese PTA negotiations
(2014) 93
5.4 European and Japanese PTAs compared over time 96
8.1 The development nexus 155
10.1 Number of executions in Japan between 1998 and 2013 191
Illustration
5.1 Japanese Communist Party anti-TPP campaign poster 104
Tables
1.1 The annual EU–Japan summit (names of leaders) and the G7/G8
summit 20
5.1 Ongoing and concluded PTA negotiations involving the Quad
(January 2014) 87
5.2 The EU and Japan’s domestic growth agendas compared (2014) 89
5.3 The improved institutional context for the negotiation of PTAs within
both Japan and the EU 101
5.4 Stewardship of the Japanese and European negotiating teams 102
viii The European Union and Japan
5.5 The inclusion of Article 1 in bilateral/inter-regional agreements
signed by the EU 107
5.6 Japanese and European vested interests with regard to JEUFTA 111
6.1 EU – maximum permissible levels of caesium in Bq/kg 124
6.2 Japan – maximum permissible levels of caesium 124
10.1 Recommendations related to the death penalty in Japan 196
10.2 Recommendations related to the administration of justice in Japan 197
13.1 The modern understanding of accountability in the European Union 226
Notes on Contributors
Paul Bacon is Deputy Director of the European Union Institute in Japan at Waseda
University, and an Associate Professor of International Relations at Waseda’s
School of International Liberal Studies. Professor Bacon received his PhD from
the University of Kent (UK) and his research interests include European Union
foreign policy, EU–Japan relations, human security and human rights protection.
In 2014 he co-edited two monographs, Human Security and Natural Disasters and
Human Security and Japan’s Triple Disaster, and has published a number of book
chapters and articles in leading international relations journals.
Dimitar Bechev is Senior Visiting Fellow at the European Institute, London
School of Economics, and also lectures in International Politics at Sofia University,
Bulgaria. His former positions include Director of the European Council on
Foreign Relations office in Sofia, Lecturer at Worcester College, Oxford, and
Visiting Professor at Tokyo’s Hitotsubashi University. Dr Bechev received his
DPhil in International Relations from the University of Oxford in 2005, and
specializes in the study of EU foreign and enlargement policy, and politics in
Turkey, the Balkans and Eastern Europe. In 2011 he authored Constructing South
East Europe: The Politics of Balkan Regional Cooperation, and has also published
in leading academic periodicals such as the Journal of Common Market Studies,
European Politics and East European Politics and Societies. He is a frequent
commentator on current affairs in international media, and has been quoted by
the Financial Times, The Economist, and the Wall Street Journal amongst others.
Gijs Berends is an official at the European Commission. He was posted to
the Delegation of the European Union to Japan from 2007 to 2012, where he
was responsible for energy, climate change, agriculture and food safety. He
edited (together with Dominic Al-Badri) the volume After the Great East Japan
Earthquake: Political and Policy Change in Post-Fukushima Japan, which was
published in 2013. Previous publications have appeared in the European Law
Review, the Journal of World Trade and the Food and Drug Law Journal. He holds
degrees from the universities of Rotterdam and Cambridge (Queens’ College).
Koji Fukuda is Professor of International Public Administration at the School of
Political Science and Economics, Waseda University. He is Director of the Waseda
Institute for European Union Studies, and received his PhD in Political Science
from Doshisha University. He has published widely in both Japanese and English
on the European Union. He co-edited (with H. Akiba) European Governance after
