The Establishment and Spread of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes)

216 Pages·1610·9.83 MB·English

Barbara Tokarska-Guzik
The Establishment and Spread
of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes)
in the Flora of Poland
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego • Katowice 2005

The Establishment and Spread
of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes)
in the Flora of Poland
To my husband
PRACE
NAUKOWE
UNIWERSYTETU
ŚLĄSKIEGO
W KATOWICACH
NR 2372
Barbara Tokarska-Guzik
The Establishment and Spread
of Alien Plant Species (Kenophytes)
in the Flora of Poland
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Katowice 2005
Editor of the Series: Biologia
Paweł Migula
Reviewers
Bogdan Jackowiak
Adam Zając
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ISSN 0208-6336 Czerny Marian. Firma Prywatna „GREG”
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Contents
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................................ 9
PART ONE
Theoretical o v erv iew ............................................................................................................................................ 11
1. Introduction. The subject, objectives and the scope of this study: The role of kenophytes in the flora
as representations of the anthropogenic alteration of vegetation.............................................................. 11
2. Review of studies on selected aspects of synanthropisation of the vegetation cover............................ 14
2.1. The history of studies on alien plant species in Poland viewed against the situation in Europę as
a whole................................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2. Synanthropisation: the essence of the process and the role of kenophytes in the changes occurring
in the natural environment on E arth........................................................................................................... 19
PART TWO
Terminology and methodology............................................................................................................................ 23
3. Phytogeographical terminology and the classification of synanthropic plants used in Poland . . . 23
4. Materials and methods............................................................................................................................................. 24
4.1. Selection of species and their status........................................................................................................... 24
4.2. Sources and characteristics of the floristic data used........................................................................ . 25
4.3. List of kenophytes and the scope of the information collected in order to characterise them . 26
4.4. Cartogrammes and their analysis................................................................................................................ 27
4.5. Use, interpretation and synthesis of data..................................................................................................... 27
PART THREE
Analysis and synthesis of d ata............................................................................................................................ 29
5. Geographical and ecological characteristics of the flora of kenophytes in P o lan d ............................ 29
5.1. Proportion of kenophytes in the recent flo ra.......................................................................................... 29
5.1.1. General rem arks................................................................................................................................. 29
5.1.2. Origin........................................................................................................................................................ 30
5.1.3. Timing and method of arrival........................................................................................................... 31
5.1.4. Systematic groups................................................................................................................................. 31
5.1.5. Groups of life form s............................................................................................................................ 34
5.1.6. Biological properties............................................................................................................................ 35
5.1.7. Freąuency and status in the flora..................................................................................................... 36
5.2. Kenophytes in historical accounts of floras................................................................................................ 40
5.2.1. “Old” floras............................................................................................................................................. 40
5.2.2. The “oldest” arrivals among the kenophytes and the fairly recent o n e s ............................ 46
5.2.3. The most frequent kenophytes in the floras of subsequent historical periods....................... 46
6. Current types of distribution of kenophytes in Poland.................................................................................... 53
6.1. Kenophytes with stations scattered throughout Poland except for in certain regions . . . . 54
6.1.1. Sisymbrium altissimum group........................................................................................................... 55
6.1.2. Diplotaxis tenuifolia group................................................................................................................. 56
6.2. Kenophytes with scattered stations over the whole territory of Poland, with concentrations of morę
frequent stations in some regions................................................................................................................. 56
6.2.1. Bunias orientalis group....................................................................................................................... 57
6.2.2. Geranium pyrenaicum g ro u p ............................................................................................................ 58
6.2.3. Echinocystis lobata g ro u p ................................................................................................................. 59
6.3. Kenophytes (contemporarily) reaching their limit of distribution in P o la n d ............................ 60
6.3.1. Western lim it........................................................................................................................................ 60
6.3.2. Eastern lim it........................................................................................................................................ 61
6.3.3. Northern lim it.................................................................................................................................. 62
6.4. Kenophytes associated with river valleys................................................................................................ 64
6.5. Kenophytes associated with urban areas and railway routes............................................................... 66
7. The history of the spread of selected kenophyte species in the territory of Poland............................ 67
7.1. The history of the spontaneous spread of cultivated woody plants as the result of “domesticating”
species.............................................................................................................................................................. 67
Acer negundo L..................................................................................................................................... 67
Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh........................................................................................................... 68
Ailanthus altissima (Mili.) Swingle................................................................................................ 71
Clematis vitalba L................................................................................................................................ 71
7.2. The history of the spread of useful herbaceous plant species: how medicinal and decorative
plants have established themseWes in the flora..................................................................................... 74
7.2.1. Examples of species of European origin..................................................................................... 74
Cymbalańa muralis P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.................................................................... 74
Digitalis purpurea L............................................................................................................................ 74
Echinops sphaerocephalus L............................................................................................................. 78
7.2.2. Ехатріе of species of Asian o rig in ........................................................................................... 78
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl......................................................................................................... 78
Impatiens glandulifera R o y le ...................................................................................................... 79
Impatiens parviflora DC..................................................................................................................... 81
Reynoutria japonica Houtt................................................................................................................. 84
7.2.3. Examples of species of American origin..................................................................................... 86
Echinocystis lobata (E Michx.) Torr. & A. G ray.................................................................... 86
Rudbeckia laciniata L.......................................................................................................................... 88
Mimulus guttatus DC........................................................................................................................... 88
7.3. The spread of accidentally introduced plants: how an ephemerophyte turns into a kenophyte. 91
7.3.1. Plants introduced accidentally from various regions of E u ro p ę........................................ 91
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.......................................................................................................... 91
Artemisia austriaca Jacq..................................................................................................................... 91
Bunias orientalis L............................................................................................................................... 94
Eragrostis minor H ost....................................................................................................................... 96
Rumex confertus Willd........................................................................................................................ 96
Salsola kali L. subsp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó............................................................................... 99
7.3.2. Plants brought accidentally from Asia...........................................................................................101
Sisymbrium altissimum L....................................................................................................................101
Veronica persica Poir...........................................................................................................................101
7.3.3. Plants brought accidentally from A m erica...............................................................................104
Bidens frondosa L.................................................................................................................................104
Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb............................................................................................104
Elodea canadensis Michx...................................................................................................................107
PART FOUR
D iscu ssio n ....................................................................................................................................................................109
8. The proportion and role of alien species in the flora: do kenophytes determine the recent shape of the
flora of Poland?.........................................................................................................................................................109
9. Historical aspects of the development of the kenophyte flora of Poland.............................................117
9.1. General rem arks..............................................................................................................................................117
9.2. The effect of historical and economic developments on the enrichment of Polish flora by new-
com ers...............................................................................................................................................................117
9.3. Cities as “footholds” for further expansion by fresh newcomers...................................................118
9.4. Historical gardens, botanic gardens, cloister and convent gardens as places of “domesticating”
exotic species prior to their spontaneous establishment....................................................................124
9.5. Immigration periods (peak inflows of kenophytes)...............................................................................126
9.6. Migration routes.............................................................................................................................................127
9.6.1. Rivers as migration corridors aiding the spread of kenophytes.............................................128
9.6.2. The role of humans in the migrations of kenophytes..................................................................129
10. Recent distribution ranges of kenophytes and principles affecting the distribution pattern . . . 130
11. Dynamie tendencies in the process of kenophyte expansion in Poland...................................................133
12. Plant invasions: the substance of the phenomenon and kenophytes as invasive plants.......................141
12.1. More remarks on terminology................................................................................................................141
12.2. Consequences of invasions by alien species, legał regulations and methods of combating
the threat........................................................................................................................................................144
12.3. Invasive kenophytes in Poland................................................................................................................146
12.4. Threatened regions and habitats...........................................................................................................150
12.5. Forecasting invasions: potentially invasive species.........................................................................152
12.6. Finał rem arks............................................................................................................................................153
PART FIVE
Summary, conclusions and the perspectives for studies of plants of ałien origin in Poland
against the trends prevailing in Europę and the w o rld .............................................................155
13. Summary and conclusions.................................................................................................................................155
14. Invasions of alien plant species at the dawn of the 21st century: perspectives for further studies . 157
References...................................................................................................................................................159
Streszczenie.............................................................................................................................................................................................189
Zusammenfassung................................................................................................................................................................................190
Appendices...................................................................................................................................................191