Table Of ContentV O L U M E I I : S I N C E 1 5 0 0
S I X T H E D I T I O N
THE ESSENTIAL
WORLD HISTORY
William J. Duiker
Th e Pennsylvania State University
Jackson J. Spielvogel
Th e Pennsylvania State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
The Essential World History, © 2011, 2007, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Volume II: Since 1500: Sixth Edition
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William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian studies at Th e
Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam,
and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown
University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai
Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has written widely on the history of Vietnam and modern China,
including the widely acclaimed Th e Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edi-
tion, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book
Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: Th e Roots
of Confl ict (Berkeley, 1987); Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam
(McGraw-H ill, 1995); and Ho Chi Minh: A Life (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for
a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. While his research specialization is in the fi eld of nationalism and
Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are considerably more diverse. He has traveled
widely and has taught courses on the History of Communism and n on-W estern civilizations
at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in
the spring of 1 996.
TO YVONNE,
FOR ADDING SPARKLE TO THIS BOOK, AND TO MY LIFE
W.J.D.
JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at Th e
Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from Th e Ohio State University, where
he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have
appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical
Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also
contributed chapters or articles to Th e Social History of the Reformation, Th e Holy Roman
Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and
Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation
and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the
Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler
and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (sixth edition, 2010). He is the author of Western
Civilization published in 1991 (seventh edition, 2009). Professor Spielvogel has won fi ve major
u niversity-w ide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching
Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur
Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 received the Schreyer
Honors College Excellence in Teaching A ward.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
J.J.S.
BRIEF CONTENTS
DOCUMENTS XII 23 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century
MAPS XIII Crisis: War and Revolution 565
FEATURES XIV 24 Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship:
Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
PREFACE XV
from 1919 to 1939 589
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI
25 The Crisis Deepens: World War II 616
WORLD HISTORY TO 1500 XXIII
STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXVII
V Toward a Global Civilization? The
World Since
III The Emergence of New World
Patterns (–) 26 East and West in the Grip of
the Cold War 644
14 New Encounters: The Creation of a
27 Brave New World: Communism on
World Market 334
Trial 671
15 Europe Transformed: Reform and State
28 Europe and the Western Hemisphere
Building 361
Since 1945 697
16 The Muslim Empires 385
29 Challenges of Nation Building in Africa
17 The East Asian World 410
and the Middle East 722
18 The West on the Eve of a New World
30 Toward the Pacifi c Century? 752
Order 435
IV Modern Patterns of World History
EPILOGUE 780
(–)
THEMES FOR UNDERSTANDING WORLD
19 The Beginnings of Modernization: HISTORY 787
Industrialization and Nationalism in the
A NOTE TO STUDENTS ABOUT LANGUAGES AND THE
Nineteenth Century 464
DATING OF TIME 788
20 The Americas and Society and Culture
GLOSSARY 789
in The West 490
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 801
21 The High Tide of Imperialism 514
MAP CREDITS 815
22 Shadows over the Pacifi c: East Asia CHAPTER NOTES 817
Under Challenge 540 INDEX 821
iv
DETAILED CONTENTS
DOCUMENTS XII Suggested Reading 359
MAPS XIII Discovery 360
FEATURES XIV 15
EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM
PREFACE XV
AND STATE BUILDING 361
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI
WORLD HISTORY TO 1500 XXIII
Th e Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 362
STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXVII Background to the Reformation 362
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 364
III The Emergence of New World Th e Spread of the Protestant Reformation 365
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Patterns (–)
A Reformation Debate: Conflict at
14 Marburg 366
NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION
Th e Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 367
OF A WORLD MARKET 334
Th e Catholic Reformation 367
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
An Age of Exploration and Expansion 335 Marriage in the Early Modern World 368
Islam and the Spice Trade 335
Europe in Crisis, 1560–1650 369
Th e Spread of Islam in West Africa 336
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth
A New Player: Europe 337
Century 370
Th e Portuguese Maritime Empire 338 Economic and Social Crises 371
Th e Portuguese in India 339 Seventeenth-Century Crises: Revolution and War 373
Th e Search for Spices 339 Response to Crisis: Th e Practice of Absolutism 375
Spanish Conquests in the “New World” 341 France Under Louis XIV 375
Th e Voyages 341 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 377
Th e Conquests 341 England and Limited Monarchy 378
Governing the Empire 342
Confl ict Between King and Parliament 378
Th e Impact of European Expansion 343 Civil War and Commonwealth 379
New Rivals 343 Restoration and a Glorious Revolution 379
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Th e Flourishing of European Culture 380
The Columbian Exchange 344
Art: Th e Baroque 380
Africa in Transition 345 Art: Dutch Realism 381
Europeans in Africa 345 A Golden Age of Literature in England 381
Th e Slave Trade 346 Suggested Reading 382
Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent 350
Discovery 384
Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade 351 16
Th e Arrival of the West 351 THE MUSLIM EMPIRES 385
State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia 352
FILM & HISTORY Th e Ottoman Empire 386
Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) 352
Th e Rise of the Ottoman Turks 386
Society 355 Expansion of the Empire 386
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The March of Civilization 356 The Changing Face of War 387
v
Th e Nature of Turkish Rule 389 Th e Scientifi c Revolution 436
Religion and Society in the Ottoman World 391 Background to the Enlightenment 438
Th e Ottomans in Decline 392 COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Scientific Revolution 438
Ottoman Art 393
Th e Philosophes and Th eir Ideas 439
Th e Safavids 394
Culture in an Enlightened Age 441
Safavid Politics and Society 396
Economic Changes and the Social Order 442
Safavid Art and Literature 397
New Economic Patterns 443
Th e Grandeur of the Mughals 397
European Society in the Eighteenth Century 443
Th e Founding of the Empire 398
Colonial Empires and Revolution in the Western
Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization 399
Hemisphere 444
Empire in Crisis 399
Th e Impact of Western Power in India 401 Th e Society of Latin America 444
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS British North America 445
The Capture of Port Hoogly 402 FILM & HISTORY
The Mission (1986) 446
Society and Economy Under the Mughals 403
Mughal Culture 404 Toward a New Political Order and
Suggested Reading 408 Global Confl ict 447
Discovery 409 Prussia 448
Th e Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs 448
17 Russia Under Catherine the Great 448
THE EAST ASIAN WORLD 410
Enlightened Absolutism Reconsidered 448
Changing Patterns of War: Global
China at Its Apex 411 Confrontation 449
From the Ming to the Qing 411
Th e French Revolution 450
Th e Greatness of the Qing 413
Background to the French Revolution 450
Changing China 418 From Estates-General to National Assembly 451
Th e Population Explosion 418 Destruction of the Old Regime 451
Seeds of Industrialization 418 Th e Radical Revolution 453
COMPARATIVE ESSAY Reaction and the Directory 454
The Population Explosion 419
Th e Age of Napoleon 455
Daily Life in Qing China 419
Cultural Developments 420 Domestic Policies 455
Napoleon’s Empire 457
Tokugawa Japan 422
Suggested Reading 460
Th e Th ree Great Unifi ers 422
Discovery 461
Opening to the West 423
Th e Tokugawa “Great Peace” 424
Life in the Village 426
Tokugawa Culture 428 IV Modern Patterns of World
Korea and Vietnam 430 History (–)
Vietnam: Th e Perils of Empire 431 19
THE BEGINNINGS
Suggested Reading 433
OF MODERNIZATION:
Discovery 434
INDUSTRIALIZATION
18 AND NATIONALISM
THE WEST ON THE IN THE NINETEENTH
EVE OF A NEW WORLD CENTURY 464
ORDER 435
Th e Industrial Revolution and Its Impact 465
Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: An Intellectual Th e Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 465
Revolution in the West 436 Th e Spread of Industrialization 467
vi DETAILED CONTENTS
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Th e Growth of the United States 497
Rest of the World 467 Th e Rise of the United States 497
Th e Social Impact of the Industrial Th e Making of Canada 499
Revolution 467
COMPARATIVE ESSAY Th e Emergence of Mass Society 499
The Industrial Revolution 468 Th e New Urban Environment 500
Th e Social Structure of Mass Society 500
Th e Growth of Industrial Prosperity 469
Th e Experiences of Women 500
New Products 470
Education in an Age of Mass Society 502
New Patterns 471
Leisure in an Age of Mass Society 502
Toward a World Economy 471
Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism
Th e Spread of Industrialization 472
in the Western World 502
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities 473
Organizing the Working Classes 473 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Advice to Women: Two Views 503
Reaction and Revolution: Th e Growth of COMPARATIVE ESSAY
The Rise of Nationalism 504
Nationalism 475
Th e Conservative Order 475 Th e Characteristics of Romanticism 504
Forces for Change 475 A New Age of Science 506
Th e Revolutions of 1848 477 Realism in Literature and Art 506
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and
Response to Revolution: Two
Perspectives 478 Cultural Developments 507
A New Physics 507
Nationalism in the Balkans: Th e Ottoman Empire and the
Eastern Question 479 Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis 508
Th e Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism 508
National Unifi cation and the National State,
Th e Culture of Modernity 510
1848–1871 479
Suggested Reading 512
Th e Unifi cation of Italy 479
Discovery 513
Th e Unifi cation of Germany 480
Nationalism and Reform: Th e European National State at 21
Mid-Century 481 THE HIGH TIDE OF
IMPERIALISM 514
Th e European State, 1871–1914 482
Western Europe: Th e Growth of Political Democracy 483
Th e Spread of Colonial Rule 515
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence
of the Old Order 484 Th e Motives 515
International Rivalries and the Winds of War 484 Th e Tactics 515
Suggested Reading 487 Th e Colonial System 516
Discovery 489 Th e Philosophy of Colonialism 517
20 India Under the British Raj 517
THE AMERICAS AND SOCIETY Colonial Reforms 517
AND CULTURE IN THE OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
White Man’s Burden, Black Man’s Sorrow 518
WEST 490
Th e Costs of Colonialism 519
Latin America in the Nineteenth and Early Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia 520
Twentieth Centuries 491
“Opportunity in the Orient”: Th e Colonial Takeover in
Th e Wars for Independence 491 Southeast Asia 520
Th e Diffi culties of Nation Building 494 Th e Nature of Colonial Rule 523
Tradition and Change in the Latin American Economy
Empire Building in Africa 525
and Society 495
Political Change in Latin America 496 Th e Growing European Presence in West Africa 525
Imperialist Shadow over the Nile 525
Th e North American Neighbors: Th e United States
Arab Merchants and European Missionaries
and Canada 497 in East Africa 527
Detailed Contents vii
Bantus, Boers, and British in the South 528 Th e Great War 568
FILM & HISTORY 1914–1915: Illusions and Stalemate 568
Khartoum (1966) 528
1916–1917: Th e Great Slaughter 569
Th e Scramble for Africa 529
Th e Widening of the War 572
Colonialism in Africa 531
Th e Home Front: Th e Impact of Total War 573
Th e Emergence of Anticolonialism 533
Crisis in Russia and the End of the War 574
Stirrings of Nationhood 533
Th e Russian Revolution 574
Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism 533
Th e Last Year of the War 577
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Th e Peace Settlement 578
To Resist or Not to Resist 535
COMPARATIVE ESSAY An Uncertain Peace 580
Imperialism: The Balance Sheet 536
Th e Search for Security 580
Suggested Reading 538 Th e Great Depression 581
Discovery 539 Th e Democratic States 583
Socialism in Soviet Russia 583
22
SHADOWS OVER THE In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural
PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER and Intellectual Trends 584
CHALLENGE 540 Nightmares and New Visions 584
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
A Revolution in the Arts 585
Th e Decline of the Manchus 541
Probing the Unconscious 585
Opium and Rebellion 541
Eff orts at Reform 544 Suggested Reading 587
Th e Collapse of the Old Order 546 Discovery 588
FILM & HISTORY
24
The Last Emperor (1987) 549
NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND
Chinese Society in Transition 550 DICTATORSHIP: ASIA, THE MIDDLE
Obstacles to Industrialization 550 EAST, AND LATIN AMERICA FROM
Daily Life 551 1919 TO 1939 589
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Imperialism and the Global
Th e Rise of Nationalism 590
Environment 552
Modern Nationalism 590
A Rich Country and a Strong State: Th e Rise Gandhi and the Indian National Congress 591
of Modern Japan 553 FILM & HISTORY
Gandhi (1982) 593
An End to Isolation 553
Th e Meiji Restoration 554 Th e Nationalist Revolt in the Middle East 594
Joining the Imperialist Club 557 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Islam in the Modern World: Two Views 597
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Two Views of the World 559 Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and Africa 599
Japanese Culture in Transition 560 Revolution in China 601
Th e Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above 561
Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: Th e New Culture
Suggested Reading 563 Movement 601
Discovery 564 Th e Nanjing Republic 603
“Down with Confucius and Sons”: Economic, Social, and
23
Cultural Change in Republican China 605
THE BEGINNING OF THE
TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: Japan Between the Wars 605
WAR AND REVOLUTION 565 Experiment in Democracy 606
COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Out of the Doll’s House 607
Th e Road to World War I 566
A Zaibatsu Economy 608
Nationalism and Internal Dissent 566
Shidehara Diplomacy 609
Militarism 566
Th e Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 566 Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America 609
viii DETAILED CONTENTS
A Changing Economy 609 Th e Truman Doctrine 646
Th e Eff ects of Dependence 609 Th e Marshall Plan 647
Latin American Culture 611 Europe Divided 647
Suggested Reading 613 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Who Started the Cold War? American
Discovery 615 and Soviet Perspectives 648
25
THE CRISIS DEEPENS: Cold War in Asia 651
WORLD WAR II 616 Th e Chinese Civil War 651
Th e New China 653
Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes 617 Th e Korean War 654
Th e Birth of Fascism 617 Confl ict in Indochina 655
Hitler and Nazi Germany 618 From Confrontation to Coexistence 656
Th e Stalinist Era in the Soviet Union 619 Ferment in Eastern Europe 656
Th e Rise of Militarism in Japan 620 Rivalry in the Th ird World 658
Th e Path to War 620 Th e Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move Toward
Détente 658
Th e Path to War in Europe 620
FILM & HISTORY
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Missiles of October (1973) 659
The Munich Conference 621
Th e Sino-Soviet Dispute 660
Th e Path to War in Asia 622
Th e Second Indochina War 660
World War II 624 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Peaceful Coexistence or People’s War? 661
Europe at War 624
Japan at War 624
An Era of Equivalence 663
Th e Turning Point of the War, 1942–1943 626
Th e Brezhnev Doctrine 663
Th e Last Years of the War 626
An Era of Détente 664
Th e New Order 629 Renewed Tensions in the Th ird World 665
Th e New Order in Europe 629 Countering the Evil Empire 665
Th e Holocaust 629 Toward a New World Order 666
Th e New Order in Asia 631 COMPARATIVE ESSAY
Global Village or Clash of
Th e Home Front 631 Civilizations? 667
Mobilizing the People: Th ree Examples 631 Suggested Reading 668
FILM & HISTORY
Europa, Europa (1990) 632 Discovery 670
COMPARATIVE ESSAY 27
Paths to Modernization 634 BRAVE NEW WORLD:
Th e Frontline Civilians: Th e Bombing of Cities 635 COMMUNISM ON TRIAL 671
Aft ermath of the War 635
Th e Postwar Soviet Union 672
Th e Costs of World War II 636
From Stalin to Khrushchev 672
Th e Allied War Conferences 637
Th e Brezhnev Years (1964–1982) 674
Suggested Reading 639
Cultural Expression in the Soviet Bloc 676
Discovery 641
Th e Disintegration of the Soviet Empire 678
V Toward a Global Civilization? Th e Gorbachev Era 678
Eastern Europe: From Satellites to Sovereign Nations 679
The World Since
26 Th e East Is Red: China Under Communism 680
EAST AND WEST IN THE GRIP New Democracy 681
OF THE COLD WAR 644 Th e Transition to Socialism 681
Th e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 681
Th e Collapse of the Grand Alliance 645 From Mao to Deng 682
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe 645 Incident at Tiananmen Square 683
Descent of the Iron Curtain 645 A Return to Confucius? 684
Detailed Contents ix
