The Essence of Anthropology

427 Pages·2006·22.62 MB·English

by  William A. Haviland

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T h e E s s e n c e
o f A n t h r o p o l o g y
WILLIAM A. HAVILAND
Professor Emeritus
University of Vermont
HARALD E. L. PRINS
Kansas State University
DANA WALRATH
University of Vermont
BUNNY MCBRIDE
Kansas State University
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
THE ESSENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY:William A. Haviland, Harald E. L. Prins, Dana Walrath, Bunny MCBride
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We dedicate this book to the memory of our mutual
friend and colleague Jim Petersen, a warm-hearted
and generous-spirited scholar who personified the
ideal anthropologist.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
The Essence ofAnthropology authors, Bunny McBride, Dana
Walrath, Harald Prins, and William Haviland.
While distinct from one another, all four members ofthis author team share over-
lapping research interests and a similar vision ofwhat anthropology is (and should
be) about. For example, all are “true believers” in the four-field approach to an-
thropology and all have some involvement in applied work.
Dr. William A. Haviland is Professor Emeritus at the University
ofVermont, where he has taught since 1965. He holds a Ph.D. in
Anthropology from the University ofPennsylvania and has published
widely on archaeological, ethnological, and physical anthropological
research carried out in Guatemala, Maine, and Vermont. Dr. Haviland
is a member ofmany professional societies, including the American
Anthropological Association and the American Association for the
Advancement ofScience, and he has participated in many projects,
including “Gender and the Anthropological Curriculum,” sponsored
by the American Anthropological Association in 1988. Dr. Haviland
has always loved teaching and writing for anthropology students and
he has a passionate interest in indigenous rights, having worked with the Maya
for years. He continues to work with Native Americans in the northeastern
United States.
Harald E. L. Prins(Ph.D. New School 1988) is a University Distin-
guished Professor ofAnthropology at Kansas State University and
guest curator at the National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian
Institution. Born in The Netherlands, he studied at universities in
Europe and the United States. He has done extensive fieldwork
among indigenous peoples in South and North America, published
dozens ofarticles in five languages, co-edited some books, and
authored “The Mi’kmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural
Survival” (1996). He also made award-winning documentaries
and served as president ofthe Society for Visual Anthropology
and visual anthropology editor ofthe American Anthropologist.
Dr. Prins has won his university’s most prestigious undergraduate teaching
awards and held the Coffman Chair for University Distinguished Teaching
Scholars (2004–05). Active in human rights, he served as expert witness in Na-
tive rights cases in the U.S. Senate and various Canadian courts, and was
instrumental in thesuccessful federal recognition and land claims ofthe Aroos-
took band ofMicmacs (1991).
Dr. Dana Walrathis Assistant Professor of Family Medicine
at the University of Vermont and a Women’s Studies affili-
ated faculty member. She earned her Ph.D. from the
University of Pennsylvania and is a medical and biological an-
thropologist with principal interests in biocultural aspects of
reproduction, health and disease, sex differences, genetics,
and evolutionary medicine. She directs an innovative educa-
tional program at the University of Vermont’s College of
Medicine that brings anthropological theory and practice to
first-year medical students. Dr. Walrath received pre-doctoral
fellowships from the National Science Foundation, Foreign
Languages Area Studies, and the University of Pennsylvania. Before joining the
faculty at the University of Vermont in 2000, she taught at the University of Penn-
sylvaniaand Temple University. Her recent research has been supported by the
Health Resources and Services Administration and the Centers for Disease Con-
trol. Dr. Walrath’s publications have appeared in Current Anthropology,American
Anthropologist, and American Journal of Physical Anthropology. She is an active
member of the Council on the Anthropology of Reproduction and the Society
of Medical Anthropology. She served on the national committee that developed
women’s health-care learning objectives for undergraduate medical education
sponsored by the Association of Professors of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Bunny McBrideis an award-winning author with an M.A.
degree in Anthropologyfrom Columbia University. She is an
adjunct lecturer of anthropology at Kansas State University
and taught as a regular visiting lecturer at Principia College
in Illinois, 1981–2003. She has also taught at the Salt Insti-
tute for Documentary Field Studies in Portland, Maine, and
given dozens of guest lectures in public and academic venues.
Her books include Women of the Dawn (University of
Nebraska Press, 1999), Molly Spotted Elk: A Penobscotin Paris
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), and Our Lives in Our
Hands: Micmac Indian Basketmakers (Nimbus and Tilbury
House, 1990). Working in close collaboration with Native
American communities, she has served as curator of museum exhibits based on
these books. From 1981–1991 McBride did historicalresearch and community devel-
opment work for the Aroostookband of Micmacs in Maine, contributing to their
successful efforts to gain federal status, establish a land base, and revitalize cul-
tural traditions. In 1999 the Maine state legislature gave McBride a special
commendation for her research and writing on the history of Native women in
the state—anhonor initiated by elected tribal representatives in the legislature.
Currently, she serves as co-principal investigator for a National Parks Service
ethnographic research project, oral history advisor for the Kansas Humanities
Council, and board member of the Women’s World Summit Foundation, based
in Geneva, Switzerland.
Brief Contents
1 The Essence of Anthropology 2
2 Biology and Evolution 20
3 Living Primates 38
4 Field Methods in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology 58
5 Human Evolution 74
6 The Neolithic Revolution: The Domestication of Plants and Animals 96
7 The Emergence of Cities and States 116
8 Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism 132
9 The Characteristics of Culture 148
10 Language and Communication 164
11 Social Identity, Personality, and Gender 182
12 Subsistence and Exchange 202
13 Sex, Marriage, and Family 224
14 Kinship and Other Methods of Grouping 244
15 Politics, Power, and Violence 266
16 Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural 288
17 Processes of Change 308
18 Global Challenges, Local Responses, and the Role of Anthropology 326