The Esophagus, Fifth Edition

831 Pages·2012·22.84 MB·English

The Esophagus
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The Esophagus
EDITED BY
Joel E. Richter MD FACP MACG
Professor of Medicine
Hugh F Culverhouse Chair for Esophagology
Director, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition
Director, Joy McCann Culverhouse Center for Swallowing Disorders
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL, USA
Donald O. Castell MD
Professor of Medicine and Director
Esophageal Disorders Program
Division of Gastroenterology
Department of Internal Medicine
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA
FIFTH EDITION
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2012 © 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
Previously published by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The esophagus / editors, Joel E. Richter, Donald O. Castell. – 5th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-9864-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4051-9864-8
1. Esophagus–Diseases. I. Richter, Joel E. II. Castell, Donald O.
[DNLM: 1. Esophageal Diseases. WI 250]
RC815.7.E763 2012
616.3’2-dc23
2011016563
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic books.
Set in 9/12 pt Meridien by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2012
Contents
List of Contributors, vii 11 Ambulatory Monitoring for Refl ux, 211
Frank Zerbib and Pauline Roumeguère
Preface, xii
12 Role of Histology and Cytology in Esophageal
Diseases, 230
John R. Goldblum and Xiuli Liu
Section I Esophageal Symptoms
1 Symptom Overview and Quality of Life, 3
Section III Motility Disorders
Ryan D. Madanick and Nicholas J. Shaheen
2 Non-Cardiac Chest Pain, 14
13 Achalasia, 257
Ronnie Fass and Tiberiu Herschcovici
Joel E. Richter and Jason R. Roberts
3 Disorders Causing Oropharyngeal Dysphagia, 42
14 Non-Achalasia Esophageal Motility
Stephen J. Antonik and Reza Shaker
Abnormalities, 302
Daniel Pohl, Radu Tutuian, and Donald O. Castell
4 Regurgitation and Rumination, 55
Francisco J. Marrero and Steven S. Shay
15 Surgery for Esophageal Motor Disorders, 314
Roger P. Tatum, Brant K. Oelschlager, and
Carlos A. Pellegrini
Section II Esophageal Physiology 16 Esophageal Webs and Rings, 343
and Testing Michael S. Smith
17 Esophageal Diverticula, 351
5 Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Swallowing and
Francisco J. Marrero and Edgar Achkar
Esophageal Motility, 65
Nicholas E. Diamant 18 Esophageal Involvement in Systemic Diseases, 367
Siva Doma, John M. Wo, and Henry P. Parkman
6 Radiology of the Pharynx and Esophagus, 97
Marc S. Levine and Stephen E. Rubesin
7 Special Endoscopic Imaging and Optical
Section IV Gastroesophageal Refl ux
Techniques, 153
Babac Vahabzadeh and Prateek Sharma
19 Clinical Spectrum and Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal
8 Esophageal Manometry, 163 Refux Disease, 385
Neeraj Sharma and Janice Freeman Amit Agrawal and Donald O. Castell
9 High-Resolution Manometry and Esophageal Pressure 20 Hiatus Hernia and Gastroesophageal Refl ux
Topography, 183 Disease, 394
John E. Pandolfi no and Peter J. Kahrilas Albert J. Bredenoord and André J. P. M. Smout
10 Esophageal Testing Using Multichannel Intraluminal 21 Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Refl ux Disease:
Impedance, 201 Motility Factors, 405
Marcelo F. Vela and Amit Agrawal Ravinder K. Mittal
v
Contents
22 Esophageal Epithelial Resistance, 419 Section V Malignant Disease
Roy C. Orlando
34 Tumors of the Esophagus, 623
23 Duodenogastroesophageal Refl ux, 434
Susana Gonzalez and Charles J. Lightdale
Daniel Sifrim and Roberto Penagini
35 Surgery for Cancer of the Esophagus and
24 Role of Helicobacter pylori in Gastroesophageal
Gastroesophageal Junction, 637
Refl ux Disease, 456
Thomas W. Rice
Peter Malfertheiner and Arne Kandulski
25 Medical Management of Gastroesophageal Refl ux
Disease, 462 Section VI Miscellaneous
Philip O. Katz and Ellen M. Stein
36 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, 671
26 Endoscopic Therapies for Gastroesophageal Refl ux
David A. Katzka
Disease, 483
Daniel von Renteln, Melina C. Vassiliou, and Richard I. 37 Foreign Bodies, 689
Rothstein Andrew Y. Wang and David A. Peura
27 Barrett’s Esophagus, 509 38 Pill-Induced Esophageal Injury, 707
Gary W. Falk Patrick E. Young and James Walter Kikendall
28 Esophageal Strictures, 540 39 Esophagitis in the Immunocompromised
Jason M. Lake and Roy K. H. Wong Host, 724
C. Mel Wilcox
29 Gastroesophageal Refl ux Laryngitis, 550
Robert T. Kavitt and Michael F. Vaezi 40 Caustic Injuries of the Esophagus, 742
Joseph R. Spiegel
30 Pulmonary Complications of Gastroesophageal
Refl ux, 566 41 Rupture and Perforation of the Esophagus, 753
Radu Tutuian and Donald O. Castell Harvey Licht and Robert S. Fisher
31 Gastroesophageal Refl ux Disease in Infants and 42 Cutaneous Diseases and the Esophagus, 763
Children, 578 Pamela A. Morganroth, Victoria P. Werth, and
Carlo Di Lorenzo and Yvan Vandenplas David A. Katzka
32 Surgical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Refl ux 43 Esophageal Disease in Older Patients, 782
Disease, 592 Kenneth R. DeVault and Sami R. Achem
Christy M. Dunst and Lee L. Swanstrom
33 Obesity and Gastroesophageal Refl ux Disease, 610
Index, 815
Frank Friedenberg
Companion website
This book is accompanied by a website:
www.wiley.com/go/richter/esophagus
The website features:
• PowerPoints of all fi gures from the book for downloading
vi
List of Contributors
Sami R. Achem MD FACP FACG AGAF Carlo Di Lorenzo MD
Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology Consultant Nationwide Children ’s Hospital
Mayo College of Medicine Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Mayo Clinic The Ohio State University
Jacksonville, FL, USA Columbus, OH, USA
Edgar Achkar MD Siva Doma MD
Consultant Gastroenterologist
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Temple University School of Medicine
Cleveland, OH, USA Gastroenterology Section
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Amit Agrawal
Assistant Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Christy M. Dunst MD
Medical University of South Carolina Director of Research and Education
Charleston, SC, USA Division of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery
The Oregon Clinic
Stephen J. Antonik MD Portland, OR, USA
Gastroenterology Associates, P.L.L.C.
Leesburg, VA, USA Gary W. Falk MD MS
Professor of Medicine
Albert J. Bredenoord MD Division of Gastroenterology
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Consultant Gastroenterologist
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ronnie Fass MD
Professor of Medicine
Donald Castell MD University of Arizona
Chief of Gastroenterology and Head Neuroenteric
Professor of Medicine and Director
Clinical Research Group
Esophageal Disorders Program
Southern Arizona VA Health Care System
Division of Gastroenterology
Tucson, AZ, USA
Department of Internal Medicine
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA Robert S. Fisher MD
Lorber Professor of Medicine
Kenneth R. DeVault MD Division of Gastroenterology
Temple University School of Medicine
Professor and Chair
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Jacksonville, FL, USA Janice Freeman RN
Clinical Research Coordinator
Nicholas Diamant MD Esophageal Function Laboratory
Medical University of South Carolina
Professor of Medicine and Physiology (Emeritus)
Charleston, SC, USA
University of Toronto
Professor of Medicine
Queen ’s University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
vii
List of Contributors
Frank Friedenberg MD MS James Walter Kikendall MD
Professor of Medicine Staff Gastroenterologist
Temple University Hospital National Naval Medical Center
Philadelphia, PA, USA Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Division of Gastroenterology
John R. Goldblum MD Bethesda, MD, USA
Chairman, Department of Anatomic Pathology
Cleveland Clinic Jason M. Lake MD
Professor of Pathology Major, Medical Corps, U.S. Army
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology
Cleveland, OH, USA Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Susana Gonzalez MD Washington, DC, USA
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology Marc S. Levine MD
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Professor of Radiology and Advisory Dean
New York, NY, USA University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine;
Chief, Gastrointestinal Radiology Section
Tiberiu Hershcovici MD Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Research Fellow
University of Arizona
The Neuroenteric Clinical Research Group Harvey Licht MD
Tucson, AZ, USA Professor of Clinical Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology
Peter J. Kahrilas MD Temple University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Gilbert H. Marquardt Professor in Medicine
Department of Medicine
The Feinberg School of Medicine Charles J. Lightdale MD
Northwestern University Professor of Clinical Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases
Columbia University Medical Center
Arne Kandulski MD New York, NY, USA
GI Fellow Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology
and Infectious Diseases Xiuli Liu MD PhD
Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Assistant Professor of Pathology
Magdeburg, Germany Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Department of Anatomic Pathology
Philip O. Katz MD Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Jefferson Medical College;
Chairman Ryan D. Madanick MD
Division of Gastroenterology Assistant Professor of Medicine
Albert Einstein Medical Center Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing
Philadelphia, PA, USA Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
David A. Katzka MD Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Peter Malfertheiner MD
Rochester, MN, USA Professor of Medicine and Chairman
Department of Gastroenterology,
Robert T. Kavitt MD Hepatology and Infectious Diseases
Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg
Gastroenterology Fellow
Magdeburg, Germany
Division of Gastroenterology,
Hepatology, and Nutrition
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Francisco J. Marrero MD
Nashville, TN, USA Director
Digestive Health Center
Lake Charles Memorial Hospital
Lake Charles, LA, USA
viii
List of Contributors
Ravinder K. Mittal MD Daniel Pohl MD
Professor of Medicine Research and Gastroenterology Fellow
Director Gastrointestinal Function Laboratory Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University of California, San Diego; University Hospital Zurich
Gastroenterology Section Zurich, Switzerland
San Diego Veterans Health Care Center
La Jolla, CA, USA Daniel von Renteln MD
Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy
Pamela A. Morganroth MD University Medical Center Hamburg
Medical student Hamburg, Germany
Philadelphia VA Medical Center;
Department of Dermatology Thomas W. Rice MD
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Professor of Surgery at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Daniel and Karen Lee Chair of Thoracic Surgery
Head of the Section of General Thoracic Surgery
Brant K. Oelschlager MD Heart and Vascular Institute
Byers Endowed Professor in Esophageal Research Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic
Director, Center for Videoendoscopic Surgery Cleveland, OH, USA
Director, Center for Esophageal and Gastric Surgery
Department of Surgery Joel E. Richter MD FACP MACG
University of Washington
Professor of Medicine
Seattle, WA, USA
Hugh F Culverhouse Chair for Esophagology
Director, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition
Roy C. Orlando MD Director, Joy McCann Culverhouse Center for Swallowing Disorders
Mary Kay and Eugene Bozymski and Linda and William University of South Florida
Heizer Distinguished Professor of Gastroenterology Tampa, FL, USA
Adjunct Professor of Cell and Molecular Physiology
University of North Carolina School of Medicine Jason Fellow R. Roberts MD
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Medical University of South Carolina
John E. Pandolfi no MD Charleston, SC, USA
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine Richard I. Rothstein MD
Division of Gastroenterology
Professor of Medicine and of Surgery
The Feinberg School of Medicine
Dartmouth Medical School;
Northwestern University
Chief, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Chicago, IL, USA
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon, NH, USA
Henry P. Parkman MD
Professor of Medicine Pauline Roumeguè re
Gastrointestinal Section
Resident Gastroenterology Department
Temple University School of Medicine
Saint André Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Université Bordeaux Segalen
Bordeaux, France
Carlos A. Pellegrini MD
The Henry Harkins Professor and Chairman Stephen E. Rubesin
Department of Surgery
Professor of Radiology
University of Washington
Department of Radiology
Seattle, WA, USA
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Roberto Penagini
Associate Professor of Gastroenterology Nicholas J. Shaheen MD MPH
Università degli Studi of Milan
Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology
Division of Gastroenterology
Director, Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing
Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Policlinico
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Milan, Italy
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
David A. Peura MD FACP MACG AGAF
Emeritus Professor
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA
ix
List of Contributors
Reza Shaker MD Roger P. Tatum, MD
Joseph E. Geenen Professor and Chief Associate Professor of Surgery
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology VA Puget Sound Health Care System
Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital University of Washington
Medical College of Wisconsin Seattle, WA, USA
Milwaukee, WI, USA
Radu Tutuian MD
Prateek Sharma MD Staff Gastroenterologist University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and
Professor of Medicine Medicine
University of Kansas Bern University Hospital
School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Switzerland
Kansas City, MO, USA
Michael F. Vaezi MD PhD MSc (Epi)
Neeraj Sharma MD Professor of Medicine and Clinical Director
Gastroenterology Fellow Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
Medical University of South Carolina Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Charleston, SC, USA Nashville, TN, USA
Steven S. Shay MD Babac Vahabzadeh MD
Staff Gastroenterologist Gastroenterology Fellow
Cleveland Clinic Foundation The University of Kansas Medical Center
Cleveland, OH, USA Kansas City, KS, USA
Daniel Sifrim MD PhD Yvan Vandenplas MD
Professor of Gastrointestinal Physiology Professor of Pediatrics
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel
Queen Mary University of London Brussels, Belgium
Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology
London, UK Melina C. Vassiliou MD MEd FRCS (C)
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Michael S. Smith MD MBA Department of Surgery
Medical Director, Esophageal Program McGill University
Gastroenterology Section Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Medicine
Temple University School of Medicine Marcelo F. Vela MD MSCR
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Associate Professor of Medicine
Director of Gastrointestinal Motility, Gastroenterology Section
André J. P. M. Smout MD Baylor College of Medicine&
Professor of Gastroenterology and Motility Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Houston, TX, USA
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam, The Netherlands Andrew Y. Wang MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Joseph R. Spiegel MD Co-Medical Director of Endoscopy
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology- Head& Neck Surgery Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Thomas Jefferson University University of Virginia Health System
Philadelphia, PA, USA Charlottesville, VA, USA
Ellen M. Stein MD Victoria P. Werth MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine Professor of Dermatology and Medicine Philadelphia
Division of Gastroenterology& Hepatology VA Medical Center;
The Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Dermatology
Baltimore, MD, USA University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Lee Swanstrom MD
Clinical Professor of Surgery C. Mel Wilcox MD
Oregon Health Sciences University Professor
Chief, Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery Department of Medicine
The Oregon Clinic Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Portland, OR, USA University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA
x