the energy access situation in developing countries - Global Alliance

142 Pages·2009·3.1 MB·English

THE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATION
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
A Review Focusing on the
Least Developed Countries
and Sub-Saharan Africa
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)istheUN'sglobaldevelopmentnetwork,
advocatingforchangeandconnectingcountriestoknowledge,experienceandresourcestohelp
peoplebuildabetterlife.Weareonthegroundin166countries,workingwiththemontheirown
solutionstoglobalandnationaldevelopmentchallenges.Astheydeveloplocalcapacity,theydraw
onthepeopleofUNDPandourwiderangeofpartners. Worldleadershavepledgedtoachievethe
MillenniumDevelopmentGoals,includingtheoverarchinggoalofcuttingpovertyinhalfby2015.
UNDP'snetworklinksandcoordinatesglobalandnationaleffortstoreachtheseGoals.Ourfocus
ishelpingcountriesbuildandsharesolutionstothechallengesof:DemocraticGovernance,Poverty
Reduction,CrisisPreventionandRecovery,andEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment.UNDP
helpsdevelopingcountriesattractanduseaideffectively.Inallouractivities,weencouragethe
protectionofhumanrights,theempowermentofwomenandcapacitydevelopment.
TheWorldHealthOrganizationisthedirectingandcoordinatingauthorityforhealthwithinthe
UnitedNationssystem.Itisresponsibleforprovidingleadershiponglobalhealthmatters,shaping
thehealthresearchagenda,settingnormsandstandards,articulatingevidence-basedpolicyop-
tions,providingtechnicalsupporttocountriesandmonitoringandassessinghealthtrends.WHO
ispresentin147countryoffices,sixregionalofficesandattheheadquartersinGeneva,Switzerland.
WHO and its Member States work with many partners, including UN agencies, donors, non-
governmentalorganizations,WHOcollaboratingcentresandtheprivatesector.
THE ENERGY ACCESS SITUATION
in developing countries
A Review Focusing on the
Least Developed Countries
and Sub-Saharan Africa
LeadAuthors: GwénaëlleLegros,InesHavet,NigelBruce,andSophieBonjour
Contributors: KamalRijal,MinoruTakada,andCarlosDora
November2009
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
©CopyrightUNDPandWorldHealthOrganization2009
Allrightsreserved.
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
EnvironmentandEnergyGroup
BureauforDevelopmentPolicy
304East45thStreet,NewYork,NY10017,USA
Website:www.undp.org/energyandenvironment
TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationdonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseofthemembercountriesoftheUNDP
ExecutiveBoardorofthoseoftheWorldHealthOrganization.Thedesignationsandterminologyemployedand
thepresentationofmaterialdonotimplyanyexpressionoropinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNations
andtheWorldHealthOrganizationconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofits
authorities,orofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Dottedlinesonmapsrepresentapproximateborderlinesforwhich
theremaynotyetbefullagreement.
Photographs: Coverbackgroundimage:WorldBank,CurtCarnemark,1996
Smallsquares:WorldBank,DominicSansoni,2002;WorldBank,JohnIsaac,2002;
WorldBank,CurtCarnemark,1993;WorldBank,DominicSansoni,2002;
WorldBank,DominicSansoni,2002
Designandlayout: KimberlyKoserowski
Editing: KarenHolmes
TheEnergyAccessSituationinDevelopingCountries:AReviewFocusingontheLeastDevelopedCountriesandSub-SaharanAfrica
foreword
Energyisarguablyoneofthemajorchallengestheworldfacestoday,touchingallaspectsofourlives.Forthose
living in extreme poverty, a lack of access to modern energy services dramatically affects health, limits
opportunitiesandwidensthegapbetweenthehavesandhavenots.Thevulnerabilityofthepoorisonly
worsenedwithrecentchallengesfromclimatechange,aglobalfinancialcrisis,andvolatileenergyprices.
TheglobaltargetdateforachievingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsisonly6yearsaway.Whilethereisno
MDGonenergy,theglobalaspirationsembodiedinthegoalswillnotbecomearealitywithoutmassive
increasesinthequantityandqualityofenergyservices.Thisisneededtomeetthemostbasicneedsofpoor
menandwomen,especiallyheatforcooking,andmechanicalpower.Also,improvedhouseholdenergy
technologiesfortheverypoorcanpreventthealmost2millionsdeathsayearattributabletoindoorairpollution
fromsolidfueluse.ThesehavebeencentralmessagesofUNDPandofWHO.However,thisreportshowsthat
progress has been painfully slow in expanding access to modern energy services, particularly in poorer
countries,presentingamajorroadblocktomeetingtheMDGs.
Policiesandnationalprogrammesmustbedrasticallyenhancedtotackleinanysignificantwayenergypoverty.
Thiscannotbedoneeffectivelywithoutaclearunderstandingoftheenergyaccesssituationincountries,
includingunderstandingregionalandnationaltrends,rural/urbandisparities,andtherangeofenergysources
typicallyusedinthehouseholdsofthepoor.Yet,existingglobaldatasetsandreportsoftenprovideinsufficient
informationonenergyaccess,focusinginsteadmostlyonenergyproductionandconsumption.
Thisreportwascommissionedtobeginbridgingthisgap,especiallyfortheLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)
andsub-SaharanAfrica,whereenergyaccessisespeciallyconstrained.Inadditiontocompilingstatisticsfrom
countriesonaccesstoelectricityandmodernfuels,aswellasdrawingontheforthcomingWHOHousehold
EnergydatabaseandtheInternationalEnergyAgency’sWorldEnergyOutlook2009,thisreportsupplements
existingglobalreportswithavailablestatistics(which,insomecases,aresorelylacking)onfueltypes,improved
stovesusedforcooking,andmechanicalpower.Itsummarisesaswellthelatestevidenceonthehealthimpacts
attributabletoindoorairpollutionresultingfromhouseholduseofsolidfuelsforcookingandheating.Italso
estimatesthenumberofadditionalpeoplethatwouldhavetogainaccesstomodernenergyservicesby2015
underdifferentscenarios,includingscenariosthatarecompatiblewithmeetingnationaltargetsandtheMDGs
andaredisaggregatedforLDCsandsub-SaharanAfrica.
Webelievethatthisreportpaintsarelevantandtimelypictureoftheglobalenergyaccesssituationandtheir
healthanddevelopmentimplicationsfordevelopingcountries.Muchmorestillneedstobedoneforamore
fulsomeunderstanding,includingfurtherdisaggregatingdataandsupplementingthemwithqualitative
information.Payingparticularattentiontoissuessuchasfueltypes,end-useequipment,gender,andruraland
remoteareaswillgoalongwaytoinfluencingpolicyandstrengtheningeffortsbytheinternationalcommunity
andnationalgovernmentstoaddressthechallengeofenergypoverty.
MariaNeira VeerleVandeweerd
Director,PublicHealthandEnvironment Director,EnvironmentandEnergyGroup
HealthSecurityandEnvironment BureauforDevelopmentPolicy

WHO UNDP
TheEnergyAccessSituationinDevelopingCountries:AReviewFocusingontheLeastDevelopedCountriesandSub-SaharanAfrica
acknowledgements
ThispaperwasinitiatedbytheSustainableEnergyProgramme,partoftheEnvironmentandEnergy
Group (EEG) of the Bureau for Development Policy (BDP), United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)incooperationwiththeWHOProgrammeonHouseholdEnergyandHealth.Itbenefitedfrom
valuablecontributionsandcollaborativeeffortsofmanypeople,includingtheleadandcontributing
authorsandUNDPandWHOstaffaswellaspeer-reviewersbothinternalandexternaltoUNDPandWHO.
UNDPandWHOareverygratefultotheleadauthorsGwénaëlleLegrosandInesHavet.Theirexpertise
inthefieldofenergyforsustainabledevelopment,specificallyonstatisticaldataandanalysisrelatedto
energyaccess,providedthefoundationforthispublication.TheyalsothankNigelBruce(PublicHealth
andEnvironment,HSE,WHO)andSophieBonjour(PublicHealthandEnvironment,HSE,WHO)fortheir
expertiseinenvironmentalepidemiologyandpublichealth,andthedevelopmentofthechapteronthe
healthimpacts.
UNDP and WHO would also like to express sincere gratitude to Kamal Rijal (Sustainable Energy
Programme,EEG,UNDP),MinoruTakada(SustainableEnergyProgramme,EEG,UNDP)andCarlosDora
(PublicHealthandEnvironment,HSE,WHO)fortheircontributionsandforprovidingguidanceforthe
overallorientationofthepaper.
We are very grateful to MinoruTakada for initiating this study, and toVeerleVanderweerd (Director,
EnvironmentandEnergyGroup,UNDP)forherongoingguidanceandencouragement,andthetime
contributedtofinalisingthispublication.
WewouldliketothankEvaRehfuess(formerWHOresponsibleofficerfortheProgrammeonHousehold
EnergyandHealth)forinitiatingthecollaborationbetweenUNDPandWHO,PhilippLambach(Health
SecurityandEnvironment,WHO)forhiscontributiontothedevelopmentoftheWHOhouseholdenergy
database, and Annette Prüss-Üstün (Public Health and Environment, HSE,WHO) for her expertise in
burdenofdiseaseassessmentandherinputtotheWHOHouseholdenergydatabase.
WearegratefultoFatihBirol,ChiefEconomistoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),andhisteam—
Raffaella Centurelli, Teresa Malyshev, and Paweł Olejarnik—for providing the IEA database on
electrificationratespublishedintheWorldEnergyOutlook2009.
The study was subjected to a rigourous process of peer review. Grateful thanks are extended to the
followingdevelopmentpractitionersfortheirthoughtfulandinsightfulcomments:AkankshaChaurey
(TERI),ElisabethClemens(UNDP),StephenGitonga(UNDP),ConradHeruela(UNEPConsultant),Steven
Hunt (Practical Action),Thomas Jensen (UNDP Pacific Centre), Sivanappan Kumar (Asian Institute of
Technology),BenoitLebot(UNDPRegionalCentreinDakar),TeresaMalysher(IEA),EricMuynck(UNDP
RegionalCentreinDakar),AbdulrahmanOlhaye(UNDP),TheoSanchez(PracticalAction),ShireenSayeed
(UNDPBangladesh),BaharehSeyedi(UNDP),ThiyagarajanVelumail(UNDPRegionalCentreinBangkok),
andGregoryWoodsworth(UNDP).
UNDPandWHOwouldalsoliketothankPhilPelter(AdministrativeAssistant,EEG,UNDP)forlogistical
support,KimberlyKoserowskiforgraphicdesign,andKarenHolmesforeditorialsupport.

TheEnergyAccessSituationinDevelopingCountries:AReviewFocusingontheLeastDevelopedCountriesandSub-SaharanAfrica
table of contents
Foreward i
Acknowledgements
TableofContents ii
ListofBoxes,Maps,Figures,andTables iv
Abbreviations vi
ExecutiveSummary 1
I. Purpose 3
II. Methodology 5
A. Datacollection 5
B. Indicatorsusedtomeasureenergyaccess 6
C. Methodsusedtoestimateenergyaccess 7
D. Considerationinusingandinterpretingestimates 8
E. Methodusedtoassessthehealthimpactsfromsolidfueluse 8
III. EnergyaccesssituationinLDCsandSub-SaharanAfrica 10
A. Accesstoelectricity 10
B. Accesstomodernfuels 13
IV. Fuelsandimprovedstovesusedforcookingindevelopingcountries 16
A. Fuelsusedforcooking 16
B. Improvedcookingstoves 19
V. Healthimpactsofhouseholdenergyuse 22
A. Healthproblemslinkedtosolidfueluse 22
B. Anotherburdenonthepoorandwomen 26
C. Effectsonglobalwarming:anopportunitytosecurehealthandclimate‘co-benefits’ 28
VI. Developingcountrieswithenergyaccesstargets 29
VII. Energyaccessin2015underdifferentscenarios 31
A. Accesstoelectricity 31
B. Accesstomodernfuels 32
VIII. Conclusions 34
References 35
Appendix1:EnergyAccessandDevelopmentMeasures 37
Appendix2:CountryClassifications 40
Appendix3:HealthImpactsofHouseholdEnergyUse 46
Appendix4:GlobalandRegionalMDG-RelatedEnergyTargets 61
Appendix5:ComparisonofScenariosofEnergyAccessin2015 64
Appendix6:TablesonEnergyAccessinDevelopingCountries 66
Appendix7:SourcesConsulted 102

TheEnergyAccessSituationinDevelopingCountries:AReviewFocusingontheLeastDevelopedCountriesandSub-SaharanAfrica
list of boXes, maps, figures, and tables
lst of boxes, maps, tables and figures
Boxes
Box1. Additionalfactorsrelevanttoenergyaccess 7
Box2. Diseaseswithgoodevidenceofalinkwithsolidfueluse 23
Box3. Descriptionofscenarios 31
Box4. WhatisaLeastDevelopedCountry? 44
Maps
Map1. Shareofpeoplewithoutelectricityaccessfordevelopingcountries,2008 11
Map2. Shareofpopulationwithoutaccesstomodernfuelsfordevelopingcountries,2007 13
Map3. Numberofdeathsper1000capitaperyear,attributabletoindoorairpollutionfrom
solidfueluse,2004 25
Map4. NumberofDALYsper1000capitaperyear,attributabletoindoorairpollutionfrom
solidfueluse,2004 26
Map5. MapoftheLeastDevelopedCountries 45
Figures
Figure1. Distributionofpeoplewithoutelectricityaccessbydevelopingregions,2008 12
Figure2. Shareofpopulation withoutelectricityaccessforLDCsandSSAcountries,2008 12
Figure3. ShareofpopulationwithoutelectricityaccessinruralandurbanareasforLDCsandSSA,2008 12
Figure4. ShareofpopulationwithaccesstodifferenttypesofmodernfuelsinLDCsandSSA,2007 14
Figure5. ShareofpopulationwithaccesstomodernfuelsinruralandurbanareasofLDCsandSSA,2007 14
Figure6. ShareofpopulationwithaccesstomodernfuelsinLDCsandSSAcountries,2007 14
Figure7. Distributionofpeoplerelyingonsolidfuelsforcookingbydevelopingregions,2007 16
Figure8. Shareofpopulationrelyingondifferenttypesofsolidfuelsforcookingbydeveloping
regions,2007 17
Figure9. Shareofpopulationindevelopingcountriesrelyingondifferenttypesofcookingfuels,2007 17
Figure10. ShareofpopulationrelyingondifferenttypesofcookingfuelsinLDCsandSSA,2007 18
Figure11. ShareofpopulationrelyingondifferenttypesofmodernfuelsforcookingforselectedLDCs
andSSAcountries,2007 18
Figure12. ShareofpopulationrelyingondifferenttypesofcookingfuelsinruralandurbanareasofLDCs
andSSAcountries,2007 19
Figure13. DistributionofpeoplewithaccesstoICSbydevelopingregions,2007 21
Figure14. ShareofpopulationrelyingonsolidfuelsforcookingwithaccesstoICS,2007 21
Figure15. ShareofpopulationrelyingonsolidfuelsforcookingwithaccesstoICSforselectedLDCsand
SSAcountries,2007 21

TheEnergyAccessSituationinDevelopingCountries:AReviewFocusingontheLeastDevelopedCountriesandSub-SaharanAfrica
Figure16. Numberofdeathsattributabletoindoorairpollutionfromsolidfueluse,bydiseases,2004 24
Figure17. NumberofDALYsattributabletoindoorairpollutionfromsolidfueluse,bydiseases,2004 24
Figure18. SharebygenderofCOPDandlungcancerdeathsattributabletosolidfueluseinadults>30y 27
Figure19. NumberofCOPDdeathsper1millionpopulationattributabletosolidfueluse,bygender 27
Figure20. Numberoflungcancerdeathsper1millionpopulationattributabletosolidfueluse,bygender 28
Figure21. Shareofcountrieswithelectricityaccesstargetsbyregion 30
Figure22. Shareofcountrieswithtargetsonaccesstomodernfuelsbyregion 30
Figure23. ShareofcountrieswithtargetsonaccesstoICSbyregion 30
Figure24. Shareofpopulationwithelectricityaccessin2015underdifferentscenarios 32
Figure25. Shareofpopulationwithaccesstomodernfuelsin2015underdifferentscenarios 33
Figure26. Developmentmeasuresandenergyaccess(a-d)/(e-h) 38/39
Figure27. (a)Attributabledeathsfrompneumonia<5years/1000capita,and(b)attributableDALYs
frompneumonia<5years/1000capita 49
Figure28. (a)AttributabledeathsfromCOPD>30years/1000capita,and(b)attributableDALYsfrom
COPD>30years/1000capita 49
Figure29. (a)Attributabledeathsand(b)DALYsfromlungcancer,inadults>30years/1millionpopulation 50
Figure30. HumanDevelopmentIndex2007versusattributabledeathrates(allcauses)fromsolidfueluse 50
Figure31. HumanDevelopmentIndex2007versusattributabledeathratestopneumonia from
solidfueluse 50
Figure32. HumanDevelopmentIndex2007versusattributableCOPDdeathsfromsolidfueluse 51
Tables
Table1. Numberofcountrieswithdataavailableonaccesstoelectricity 10
Table2. Accesstoelectricityintheworld,2008 10
Table3. NumberofpeoplewithoutelectricityaccessinLDCsandSSA,2008 11
Table4. Numberofcountrieswithdataavailableonaccesstomodernfuels 13
Table5. NumberofpeoplerelyingonsolidandmodernfuelsforcookingforLDCsandSSA,2007 16
Table6. Numberofcountrieswithdataavailableonimprovedcookingstoves 20
Table7. NumberofpeoplerelyingonsolidfuelswithaccesstoICS,2007 20
Table8. NumbersandratesofdeathsandDALYspermillionpopulationattributabletoindoorair
pollutionfromsolidfueluse,forallcauses(pneumonia,COPD,lungcancer),2004 23
Table9. Shareofdeathsattributabletosolidfueluse,bydisease 26
Table10. Numberofdevelopingcountrieswithenergyaccesstargets 29
Table11. Additionalnumberofpeoplewithelectricityaccessin2015underdifferentscenarios 31
Table12. Additionalnumberofpeoplewithaccesstomodernfuelsin2015underdifferentscenarios 33
Table13. Developingcountryclassification(asofearly2007) 40
Table14. IndoorlevelsofPM10andCOfromhouseholdcombustionofsolidfuels,comparedwith
WHOairqualityguidelines 47

TheEnergyAccessSituationinDevelopingCountries:AReviewFocusingontheLeastDevelopedCountriesandSub-SaharanAfrica
Table15. Statusofevidencelinkinghouseholdcombustionofbiomassfuelsandcoalwithchildand
adulthealthoutcomes 48
Table16. Numbersofdeathsforpneumonia,COPDandlungcancerattributabletosolidfueluse,
bycountry,2004 51
Table17. NumberofDALYsper1000capitaforpneumonia,COPDandlungcancerattributableto
solidfueluse,bycountry,2004 56
Table18. Electricityaccess,bycountry 66
Table19. Fuelsusedforcookingandaccesstomodernfuels,bycountry(nationalpopulation) 71
Table20. Fuelsusedforcookingandaccesstomodernfuels,bycountry(ruralpopulation) 78
Table21. Fuelsusedforcookingandaccesstomodernfuels,bycountry(urbanpopulation) 84
Table22. Useofimprovedcookingstoves,bycountry 90
Table23. Accesstomechanicalpower,bycountry 93
Table24. Numberofcountrieswithavailabledataonenergyaccess 94
Table25. Percentageofpopulationrepresentedbyavailabledataonenergyaccess 94
Table26. Numberofcountrieswithdataavailableoncookingfuels 95
Table27. Percentageofpopulationrepresentedbyavailabledataoncookingfuels 95
Table28. Targetsforelectricityaccess,bycountry 96
Table29. Targetsforaccesstomodernfuels,bycountry 99
Table30. Targetsforimprovedcookingstoves,bycountry 99
Table31. Targetsformechanicalpower,bycountry 100
Table32. Numberofdevelopingcountrieswithenergyaccesstargets 101
Table33. Populationofdevelopingregions,2007and2015 101