The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865, Concise

495 Pages·2009·15.039 MB·English

by  Paul S. Boyer, Clifford E. Clark, Sandra Hawley, Joseph F. Kett, Andrew Rieser

The Enduring Vision
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THE
Enduring
Vision
A History of the American People
Volume Two: From 1865
Concise Sixth Edition
Paul S. Boyer
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Clifford E. Clark, Jr.
Carleton College
Sandra McNair Hawley
San Jacinto College
Joseph F. Kett
University of Virginia
Andrew Rieser
State University of New York, Dutchess Community College
Neal Salisbury
Smith College
Harvard Sitkoff
University of New Hampshire
Nancy Woloch
Barnard College
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
Contents
Maps xii 17
Charts, Graphs, Tables xiii
The Transformation of the
Preface xiv
Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1900 379
❚ Native Americans and the
Trans-Mississippi West 380
The Plains Indians 381
16
The Assault on Nomadic Indian Life 382
Custer’s Last Stand, 1876 384
The Crisis of Reconstruction,
“Saving” the Indians 385
1865–1877 353
The Ghost Dance and the End of Indian
Resistance on the Great Plains, 1890 386
❚ Reconstruction Politics, 1865–1868 354
❚ Settling the West 388
Lincoln’s Plan 354
The First Transcontinental Railroad 388
Presidential Reconstruction
Settlers and the Railroad 388
Under Johnson 356
Homesteading on the Great Plains 390
Congress Versus Johnson 357
New Farms, New Markets 391
The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866 357
Building a Society and Achieving Statehood 392
Congressional Reconstruction,
The Spread of Mormonism 392
1866–1867 358
The Impeachment Crisis, 1867–1868 359 ❚ Southwestern Borderlands 393
The Fifteenth Amendment and the ❚ Exploiting the Western Landscape 395
Question of Woman Suffrage, The Mining Frontier 395
1869–1870 360 Cowboys and the Cattle Frontier 396
❚ Reconstruction Governments 362 Cattle Towns and Prostitutes 397
A New Electorate 362 Bonanza Farms 397
Republican Rule 363 The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889 398
Counterattacks 364 ❚ The West of Life and Legend 399
❚ The Impact of Emancipation 366 The American Adam and the
Confronting Freedom 366 Dime-Novel Hero 399
African-American Institutions 366 Revitalizing the Frontier Legend 400
Land, Labor, and Sharecropping 368 Beginning a National Parks Movement 401
Toward a Crop-Lien Economy 369
❚ New Concerns in the North, 1868–1876 370
Grantism 370 18
The Liberals’ Revolt 371
The Panic of 1873 372 The Rise of Industrial America,
Reconstruction and the Constitution 373 1865–1900 404
Republicans in Retreat 373
❚ Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876–1877 375 ❚ The Rise of Corporate America 405
“Redeeming” the South 376 The Character of Industrial Change 405
The Election of 1876 377 Railroad Innovations 406
v
vi Contents
Consolidating the Railroad Industry 406 ❚ Working-Class Leisure in the Immigrant City 441
Applying the Lessons of the Railroads Streets and Saloons 441
to Steel 408 The Rise of Professional Sports 442
The Trust: Creating New Forms of Vaudeville, Amusement Parks, and
Corporate Organization 409 Dance Halls 442
❚ Stimulating Economic Growth 410 Ragtime 443
The Triumph of Technology 410 ❚ Cultures in Confl ict 444
Specialized Production 411 The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics 444
Advertising and Marketing 412 Modernism in Architecture and Painting 446
Economic Growth: Costs and Benefi ts 412 From Victorian Lady to New Woman 446
❚ The New South 413 Public Education as an Arena of
Obstacles to Economic Development 413 Class Confl ict 448
The New South Creed and Southern
Industrialization 414
The Southern Mill Economy 414
20
The Southern Industrial Lag 415
❚ Factories and the Work Force 416 Politics and Expansion in an
From Workshop to Factory 416 Industrializing Age, 1877–1900 451
The Hardships of Industrial Labor 416
Immigrant Labor 417 ❚ Party Politics in an Era of Upheaval, 1877–1884 452
Women and Work in Industrial America 418 Contested Political Visions 452
Hard Work and the Gospel of Success 418 Patterns of Party Strength 454
❚ Labor Unions and Industrial Confl ict 419 Regulating the Money Supply 455
Organizing Workers 420 Civil-Service Reform 456
Strikes and Labor Violence 422 ❚ Politics of Privilege, Politics of Exclusion,
Social Thinkers Probe for Alternatives 423 1884–1892 457
A Democrat in the White House: Grover
Cleveland, 1885–1889 459
Big Business Strikes Back: Benjamin Harrison,
19
1889–1893 459
Agrarian Protest and the Rise of the
Immigration, Urbanization, and
People’s Party 459
Everyday Life, 1860–1900 426
African-Americans After Reconstruction 461
❚ The New American City 427 ❚ The 1890s: Politics in a Depression Decade 464
1892: Populists Challenge the Status Quo 464
Migrants and Immigrants 428
Capitalism in Crisis: The Depression of
Adjusting to an Urban Society 431
1893–1897 464
Slums and Ghettos 431
Business Leaders Respond 465
Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs 432
1894: Protest Grows Louder 466
❚ Middle- and Upper-Class Society and Culture 433
Silver Advocates Capture the Democratic
Manners and Morals 433
Party 467
The Cult of Domesticity 433
1896: Republicans Triumphant 467
Department Stores 434
❚ Expansionist Stirrings and War with Spain,
The Transformation of Higher Education 435
1878–1901 469
❚ Working-Class Politics and Reform 436
Roots of Expansionist Sentiment 469
Political Bosses and Machine Politics 436
Pacifi c Expansion 470
Battling Poverty 437
Crisis over Cuba 471
New Approaches to Social Reform 438
The Spanish-American War, 1898 472
The Moral Purity Campaign 438
Critics of Empire 473
The Social Gospel 439
Guerrilla War in the Philippines, 1898–1902 473
The Settlement-House Movement 439
Contents vii
The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy 508
21
Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin
America and Asia 509
The Progressive Era, 1900–1917 476
Wilson and Latin America 511
❚ Progressives and Their Ideas 477 ❚ War in Europe, 1914–1917 512
The Coming of War 512
The Many Faces of Progressivism 477
The Perils of Neutrality 512
Intellectuals Offer New Social Views 480
The United States Enters the War 514
Novelists, Journalists, and Artists Spotlight
Social Problems 481 ❚ Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France,
❚ State and Local Progressivism 481 1917–1918 515
Raising, Training, and Testing an Army 515
Reforming the Political Process 482
Organizing the Economy for War 516
Regulating Business, Protecting Workers 483
With the American Expeditionary Force
Making Cities More Livable 484
in France 517
Progressivism and Social Control 485
Turning the Tide 519
Moral Control in the Cities 486
Battling Alcohol and Drugs 487 ❚ Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent 519
Immigration Restriction and Eugenics 487 Advertising the War 519
Racism and Progressivism 488 Wartime Intolerance and Dissent 520
❚ Blacks, Women, and Workers Organize 490 Suppressing Dissent by Law 521
African-American Leaders Organize ❚ Economic and Social Trends in
Against Racism 490 Wartime America 522
Revival of the Woman-Suffrage Movement 491 Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture 522
Enlarging “Woman’s Sphere” 493 Blacks Migrate Northward 523
Workers Organize; Socialism Advances 494 Women in Wartime 524
❚ National Progressivism Phase I: Roosevelt and Public Health Crisis: The 1918
Infl uenza P andemic 524
Taft, 1901–1913 495
The War and Progressivism 524
Roosevelt’s Path to the White House 495
Labor Disputes, Trustbusting, Railroad ❚ Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath, 1918–1920 525
Regulation 495 Wilson’s Fourteen Points; The Armistice 525
Consumer Protection 496 The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919 526
Environmentalism Progressive-Style 497 The Fight over the League of Nations 527
Taft in the White House, 1909–1913 499 Racism and Red Scare, 1919–1920 528
The Four-Way Election of 1912 500 The Election of 1920 529
❚ National Progressivism Phase II: Woodrow Wilson,
1913–1917 501
Tariff and Banking Reform 501
23
Regulating Business; Aiding Workers
and Farmers 502
The 1920s: Coping with Change,
Progressivism and the Constitution 502
1920–1929 532
1916: Wilson Edges out Hughes 503
❚ A New Economic Order 533
Booming Business, Ailing Agriculture 533
New Modes of Producing, Managing,
22
and Selling 534
Global Involvements and Women in the New Economic Era 536
Struggling Labor Unions in a Business Age 536
World War I, 1902–1920 505
❚ The Harding and Coolidge Administrations 537
❚ Defi ning America’s World Role, 1902–1914 506 Standpat Politics in a Decade of Change 537
The “Open Door”: Competing for the Republican Policy Making in a Probusiness
China Market 506 Era 538
viii Contents
Independent Internationalism 538 1934–1935: Challenges from Right
Progressive Stirrings, Democratic and Left 566
Party Divisions 540 ❚ The New Deal Changes Course, 1935–1936 567
Women and Politics in the 1920s: Expanding Federal Relief 567
A Dream Deferred 540 Aiding Migrants, Supporting Unions, Regulating
❚ Mass Society, Mass Culture 541 Business, Taxing the Wealthy 568
Cities, Cars, Consumer Goods 541 The Social Security Act of 1935: End of the
Soaring Energy Consumption and a Second New Deal 569
Threatened Environment 542 The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New
Mass-Produced Entertainment 543 Democratic Coalition 570
Celebrity Culture 544 The Environment and the West 571
❚ Cultural Ferment and Creativity 545 ❚ The New Deal’s End Stage, 1937–1939 573
The Jazz Age and the Postwar Crisis FDR and the Supreme Court 573
of Values 545 The Roosevelt Recession 573
Alienated Writers 546 Final Measures, Growing Opposition 574
Architects, Painters, and Musicians Celebrate ❚ Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s 575
Modern America 546 The Depression’s Psychological and
The Harlem Renaissance 547 Social Impact 576
❚ A Society in Confl ict 548 Industrial Workers Unionize 577
Immigration Restriction 548 Blacks and Hispanic-Americans Resist Racism
Needed Workers/Unwelcome Aliens: and Exploitation 579
Hispanic Newcomers 549 A New Deal for Native Americans 580
Nativism, Antiradicalism, and the Sacco- ❚ The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s 581
Vanzetti Case 549 Avenues of Escape: Radio and the Movies 581
Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial 550 The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism,
The Ku Klux Klan 551 Reaffi rming Traditional Values 582
The Garvey Movement 552 Streamlining and a World’s Fair: Corporate
Prohibition: Cultures in Confl ict 552 America’s Utopian Vision 584
❚ Hoover at the Helm 553
The Election of 1928 553
Herbert Hoover’s Social Thought 554
25
Americans and a World in Crisis,
24 1933–1945 587
The Great Depression and the ❚ The United States in a Menacing World,
1933–1939 588
New Deal, 1929–1939 557
Nationalism and the Good Neighbor 588
❚ Crash and Depression, 1929–1932 558 The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe
Black Thursday and the Onset and Asia 589
of the Depression 558 The American Mood: No More War 590
Hoover’s Response 560 The Gathering Storm: 1938–1939 591
Mounting Discontent and Protest 560 America and the Jewish Refugees 591
The Election of 1932 561 ❚ Into the Storm, 1939–1941 592
❚ The New Deal Takes Shape, 1933–1935 562 The European War 592
Roosevelt and His Circle 562 From Isolation to Intervention 593
The Hundred Days 563 Pearl Harbor and the Coming of War 594
Problems and Controversies Plague the Early ❚ America Mobilizes for War 595
New Deal 565 Organizing for Victory 596
The War Economy 596
Contents ix
A Wizard War” 598
27
Propaganda and Politics 598
❚ The Battlefront, 1942–1944 599
America at Mid-Century, 1952–1960 638
Liberating Europe 599
War in the Pacifi c 601 ❚ The Eisenhower Presidency 639
The Grand Alliance 603
“Dynamic Conservatism” 639
❚ War and American Society 603 The Downfall of Joseph McCarthy 640
The GIs’ War 604 Jim Crow in Court 641
The Home Front 604 The Laws of the Land 642
Racism and New Opportunities 606 ❚ The Cold War Continues 643
War and Diversity 607
Ike and Dulles 643
The Internment of Japa nese-Americans 608
CIA Covert Actions 644
❚ Triumph and Tragedy, 1945 609 The Vietnam Domino 645
The Yalta Conference 610 Troubles in the Third World 645
Victory in Europe 610 The Eisenhower Legacy 646
The Holocaust 611 ❚ The Affl uent Society 647
The Atomic Bombs 612
The New Industrial Society 647
The Age of Computers 648
The Costs of Bigness 649
26 Blue-Collar Blues 649
Prosperity and the Suburbs 650
The Cold War Abroad and at Home, ❚ Consensus and Conservatism 651
1945–1952 616 Togetherness and the Baby Boom 651
Domesticity 652
❚ The Postwar Political Setting, 1945–1946 617 Religion and Education 653
Demobilization and Reconversion 617 The Culture of the Fifties 653
The GI Bill of Rights 618 The Television Culture 653
The Economic Boom Begins 619 ❚ The Other America 654
Truman’s Domestic Program 620 Poverty and Urban Blight 655
❚ Anticommunism and Containment, 1946–1952 621 Blacks’ Struggle for Justice 656
Polarization and Cold War 621 Latinos and Latinas 656
The Iron Curtain Descends 622 Native Americans 657
Containing Communism 623 ❚ Seeds of Disquiet 658
Confrontation in Germany 624 Sputnik 658
The Cold War in Asia 626 A Different Beat 658
The Korean War, 1950–1953 627 Portents of Change 659
❚ The Truman Administration at Home,
1945–1952 629
The Eightieth Congress, 1947–1948 629
28
The Politics of Civil Rights and the Election
of 1948 630
The Liberal Era, 1960–1968 662
The Fair Deal 632
❚ The Politics of Anticommunism 632 ❚ The Kennedy Presidency, 1960–1963 663
Loyalty and Security 632 A New Beginning 663
The Anticommunist Crusade 633 Kennedy’s Domestic Record 664
Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs 634 Cold War Activism 665
McCarthyism 635 To the Brink of Nuclear War 666
The Election of 1952 635 The Thousand-Day Presidency 667
❚ The Struggle for Black Equality, 1961–1968 668
Nonviolence and Violence 668
x Contents
The African-American Revolution 668 A Troubled Economy 702
The March on Washington, 1963 669 Law and Order 703
The Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts 670 The Southern Strategy 704
Fire in the Streets 671 ❚ The Crisis of the Presidency 704
“Black Power” 672 The Election of 1972 704
❚ Liberalism Ascendant, 1963–1968 673 The Watergate Upheaval 705
Johnson Takes Over 674 A President Disgraced 706
The 1964 Election 674
Triumphant Liberalism 675
The Warren Court in the Sixties 676
❚ Voices of Protest 676 30
Native American Activism 677
Conservative Resurgence,
Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans
Organize 677 Economic Woes, Foreign
A Second Feminist Wave 678 Challenges, 1974–1989 709
Women’s Liberation 678
❚ The Liberal Crusade in Vietnam, 1961–1968 679 ❚ Cultural Changes 710
Kennedy and Vietnam 679 Personal Pursuits and Diversions 710
Escalation of the War 681 Changing Gender Roles and Sexual Behavior 712
The Endless War 682 The Persistence of Social Activism 713
Doves Versus Hawks 682 Grass-Roots Conservatism 714
Evangelical Protestants Mobilize 715
❚ Economic and Social Changes in
Post-1960s America 716
29 A Changing Economy 716
The Two Worlds of Black America 717
A Time of Upheaval, 1968–1974 685 Brightening Prospects for Native Americans 717
New Patterns of Immigration 718
❚ The Youth Movement 686 ❚ Years of Malaise: Post-Watergate Politics
Toward a New Left 686
and Diplomacy, 1974–1981 719
From Protest to Resistance 687
The Caretaker Presidency of Gerald Ford,
Kent State and Jackson State 688
1974–1977 719
Legacy of Student Frenzy 689
The Outsider as Insider: President Jimmy
❚ The Counterculture 690 Carter, 1977–1981 720
Hippies and Drugs 691 The Middle East: Peace Accords
Musical Revolution 691 and Hostages 721
The Sexual Revolution 691 Troubles and Frustration as Carter’s
Gay Liberation 692 Term Ends 722
❚ 1968: The Politics of Upheaval 693 ❚ The Reagan Revolution, 1981–1984 722
The Tet Offensive in Vietnam 693 Roots of the Reagan Revolution 723
A Shaken President 694 Reaganomics 724
Assassinations and Turmoil 694 The “Evil Empire” and Crises in the
Conservative Resurgence 695 Middle East 725
❚ Nixon and World Politics 696 Military Buildup and Antinuclear Protest 727
Vietnamization 697 Reagan Reelected 728
LBJ’s War Becomes Nixon’s War 698 ❚ Reagan’s Second Term, 1985–1989 729
America’s Longest War Ends 698 Supreme Court Appointments, Budget Defi cits,
Détente 699 the Iran-Contra Scandal 729
Shuttle Diplomacy 700 Reagan’s Mission to Moscow 730
❚ Domestic Problems and Divisions 701 The Middle East: Tensions and Terrorism 731
The Nixon Presidency 701 Assessing the Reagan Years 731