The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise

432 Pages·2009·14.641 MB·English

by  Paul S. Boyer, Clifford E. Clark, Sandra Hawley, Joseph F. Kett, Andrew Rieser

The Enduring Vision
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THE
Enduring
Vision
A History of the American People
Volume One: To 1877
Concise Sixth Edition
Paul S. Boyer
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Clifford E. Clark, Jr.
Carleton College
Sandra McNair Hawley
San Jacinto College
Joseph F. Kett
University of Virginia
Andrew Rieser
State University of New York, Dutchess Community College
Neal Salisbury
Smith College
Harvard Sitkoff
University of New Hampshire
Nancy Woloch
Barnard College
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
Contents
Maps xi Colonizing Canada 31
Charts, Graphs, Tables xii En gland and the Atlantic World,
1558–1603 33
Preface xiii
Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603–1625 33
New En gland Begins, 1614–1625 35
A “New Netherland” on the Hudson,
1 1609–1625 36
Native P eoples of America, to 1500 1
❚ The First Americans, c. 13,000–2500 b.c. 2 3
Peopling New Worlds 2
Archaic Societies 2 The Emergence of Colonial
❚ Cultural Diversity, c. 2500 b.c.–a.d. 1500 5 Societies, 1625–1700 38
Mesoamerica and South America 5
The Southwest 6 ❚ Chesapeake Society 39
The Eastern Woodlands 7 State and Church in Virginia 39
Nonfarming Societies 10 State and Church in Maryland 40
❚ North American Peoples on the Eve of Death, Gender, and Kinship 42
Tobacco Shapes a Region, 1630–1670 42
European Contact 11
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1675–1676 43
Kinship and Gender 11
From Servitude to Slavery 44
Spiritual and Social Values 13
❚ Puritanism in New En gland 45
A City upon a Hill, 1628–1632 45
New Eng land Ways 46
2 Towns, Families, and Farm Life 48
Economic and Religious Tensions 49
The Rise of the Atlantic World, Expansion and Native Americans 50
Salem Witchcraft, 1691–1693 52
1400–1625 16
❚ The Spread of Slavery: The Caribbean
❚ African and European Backgrounds 17 and Carolina 53
West Africa: Tradition and Change 17 Sugar and Slaves: The West Indies 54
European Culture and Society 19 Rice and Slaves: Carolina 54
Religious Upheavals 22 ❚ The Middle Colonies 56
The Reformation in En gland, 1533–1625 24 Precursors: New Netherland and
❚ Europe and the Atlantic World, 1440–1600 25 New Sweden 56
Portugal and the Atlantic, 1440–1600 25 En glish Conquests: New York and
The “New Slavery” and Racism 25 New Jersey 57
To America and Beyond, 1492–1541 26 Quaker Pennsylvania 58
Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492–1526 28 ❚ Rivals for North America: France and Spain 60
The Columbian Exchange 29 France Claims a Continent 60
❚ Footholds in North America, 1512–1625 30 New Mexico: The Pueblo Revolt 61
Spain’s Northern Frontier 30 Florida and Texas 62
v
vi Contents
Crisis over the Townshend Duties, 1767 102
4
The Colonists’ Reaction, 1767–1769 103
Women and Colonial Resistance 104
The Bonds of Empire, 1660–1750 65
Customs “Racketeering,” 1767–1768 105
Wilkes and Liberty, 1768–1770 106
❚ Rebellion and War, 1660–1713 66
❚ The Deepening Crisis, 1770–1774 107
Royal Centralization, 1660–1688 66
The Boston Massacre, 1770 107
The Glorious Revolution in En gland and
The Committees of Correspondence,
America, 1688–1689 67
1772–1773 108
A Generation of War, 1689–1713 69
Confl icts in the Backcountry 109
❚ Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660–1750 70
The Tea Act, 1773 110
Mercantilist Empires in America 70
❚ Toward Independence, 1774–1776 111
Population Growth and Diversity 71
Liberty for African-Americans 111
Rural White Men and Women 75
The “Intolerable Acts” 111
Colonial Farmers and the Environment 75
The First Continental Congress 112
The Urban Paradox 76
From Resistance to Rebellion 113
Slavery 77
Common Sense 114
The Rise of the Colonial Elites 78
Declaring Independence 115
❚ Competing for a Continent, 1713–1750 79
France and the American Heartland 79
Native Americans and British Expansion 80
British Expansion in the South: Georgia 80
Spain’s Borderlands 81 6
The Return of War, 1739–1748 82
❚ Public Life in British America, 1689–1750 83 Securing Independence, Defi ning
Colonial Politics 83 Nationhood, 1776–1788 118
The Enlightenment 84
❚ The Prospects of War 119
The Great Awakening 86
Loyalists and Other British Sympathizers 119
The Opposing Sides 120
❚ War and Peace, 1776–1783 122
Shifting Fortunes in the North,
5
1776–1778 122
The War in the West, 1776–1782 125
Roads to Revolution, 1750–1776 90
American Victory in the South,
❚ Triumph and Tensions: The British Empire, 1778–1781 126
1750–1763 91 Peace at Last, 1782–1783 127
A Fragile Peace, 1750–1754 91 ❚ The Revolution and Social Change 128
The Seven Years’ War in America, Egalitarianism Among White Men 128
1754–1760 92 White Women in Wartime 129
The End of French North America, A Revolution for Black Americans 130
1760–1763 94 Native Americans and the Revolution 131
Anglo-American Friction 94 ❚ Forging New Governments, 1776–1787 132
Frontier Tensions 95 From Colonies to States 132
❚ Imperial Authority, Colonial Opposition, Formalizing a Confederation, 1776–1781 134
1760–1766 96 Finance, Trade, and the Economy,
The Writs of Assistance, 1760–1761 96 1781–1786 134
The Sugar Act, 1764 97 The Confederation and the West,
The Stamp Act Crisis, 1765–1766 97 1785–1787 135
The Declaratory Act, 1766 100 ❚ Toward a New Constitution, 1786–1788 137
Ideology, Religion, and Resistance 101 Shays’s Rebellion, 1786–1787 137
❚ Resistance Resumes, 1766–1770 102 The Philadelphia Convention, 1787 138
Opposing the Quartering Act, 1766–1767 102 The Struggle over Ratifi cation, 1787–1788 141
Contents vii
The Embargo Act of 1807 180
7
James Madison and the Failure of
Peaceable Coercion 181
Launching the New Republic,
Tecumseh and the Prophet 182
1788–1800 145 Congress Votes for War 183
❚ The War of 1812 184
❚ Constitutional Government Takes Shape,
On to Canada 184
1788–1796 146
The British Offensive 184
Implementing Government 146
The Treaty of Ghent, 1814 186
The Federal Judiciary and the Bill of Rights 146
The Hartford Convention 186
❚ Hamilton’s Domestic Policies, 1789–1794 148 ❚ The Awakening of American Nationalism 187
Hamilton and His Objectives 148
Madison’s Nationalism and the Era of
Establishing the Nation’s Credit 149
Good Feelings, 1817–1824 187
Creating a National Bank 150
John Marshall and the Supreme Court 188
Emerging Partisanship 151
The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821 189
The Whiskey Rebellion 152
Foreign Policy Under Monroe 190
❚ The United States in a Wider World, 1789–1796 153 The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 191
Spanish Power in Western North America 153
Challenging American Expansion,
1789–1792 154
9
France and Factional Politics, 1793 154
Diplomacy and War, 1793–1796 156
The Transformation of American
❚ Parties and Politics, 1793–1800 157
Society, 1815–1840 193
Ideological Confrontation, 1793–1794 157
The Republican Party, 1794–1796 158
❚ Westward Expansion 194
The Election of 1796 159
The Sweep West 194
The French Crisis, 1798–1799 160
Western Society and Customs 194
The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 160
The Far West 195
The Election of 1800 162
The Federal Government and the West 196
❚ Economic and Social Change 163
The Removal of the Indians 196
Producing for Markets 163
The Agricultural Boom 198
White Women in the Republic 164
❚ The Growth of the Market Economy 199
Land and Culture: Native Americans 165
Federal Land Policy 199
African-American Struggles 166
The Speculator and the Squatter 200
The Panic of 1819 200
The Transportation Revolution: Steamboats,
Canals, and Railroads 201
8
The Growth of the Cities 203
Jeffersonianism and the Era of ❚ Industrial Beginnings 204
Good Feelings, 1801–1824 170 Causes of Industrialization 204
Textile Towns in New En gland 205
❚ The Age of Jefferson 171 Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities 206
Jefferson and Jeffersonianism 171 ❚ Equality and Inequality 206
Jefferson’s “Revolution” 172 Growing Inequality: The Rich and the Poor 207
Jefferson and the Judiciary 172 Free Blacks in the North 208
The Louisiana Purchase 174 The “Middling Classes” 209
The Election of 1804 176 ❚ The Revolution in Social Relationships 209
The Lewis and Clark Expedition 176 The Attack on the Professions 210
❚ The Gathering Storm 177 The Challenge to Family Authority 210
Challenges on the Home Front 177 Wives and Husbands 211
The Suppression of American Trade and Horizontal Allegiances and the Rise of
Impressment 179 Voluntary Associations 212
viii Contents
Disease and Health 244
10
Popular Health Movements 245
Phrenology 245
Democratic Politics, Religious Revival,
❚ Democratic Pastimes 246
and Reform, 1824–1840 214
Newspapers 246
The Theater 247
❚ The Rise of Democratic Politics, 1824–1832 215
Minstrel Shows 247
Democratic Ferment 215
P. T. Barnum 248
The Election of 1824 215
❚ The Quest for Nationality in Literature
John Quincy Adams as President 216
and Art 248
The Rise of Andrew Jackson 216
Roots of the American Renaissance 249
The Election of 1828 218
Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, and
Jackson in Offi ce 218
Whitman 249
Nullifi cation 219
Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe 251
The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832 221
Literature in the Marketplace 252
❚ The Bank Controversy and the Second Party
American Landscape Painting 253
System, 1833–1840 222
The War on the Bank 222
The Rise of Whig Opposition 223
The Election of 1836 223
12
The Panic of 1837 224
The Search for Solutions 224 The Old South and Slavery,
The Election of 1840 225
1830–1860 255
The Second Party System Matures 225
❚ The Rise of Popular Religion 226 ❚ King Cotton 256
The Second Great Awakening 226 The Lure of Cotton 257
Eastern Revivals 227 Ties Between the Lower and
Critics of Revivals: The Unitarians 227 Upper South 258
The Rise of Mormonism 228 The North and South Diverge 258
The Shakers 228 ❚ The Social Groups of the White South 260
❚ The Age of Reform 229 Planters and Plantation Mistresses 261
The War on Liquor 229 The Small Slaveholders 262
Public-School Reform 230 The Yeomen 262
Abolition 231 The People of the Pine Barrens 263
Women’s Rights 233 ❚ Social Relations in the White South 263
Penitentiaries and Asylums 234
Confl ict and Consensus in the
Utopian Communities 235
White South 264
Confl ict over Slavery 264
The Proslav ery Argument 265
11 Violence in the White South 266
The Code of Honor and Dueling 266
Technology, Culture, and Everyday The Southern Evangelicals and
Life, 1840–1860 237 White Values 267
❚ Life Under Slavery 267
❚ Technology and Economic Growth 238 The Maturing of the Plantation System 268
Agricultural Advancement 238 Work and Discipline of Plantation Slaves 268
Technology and Industrial Progress 238 The Slave Family 269
The Railroad Boom 240 The Longevity, Health, and Diet of Slaves 271
Rising Prosperity 242 Slaves off Plantations 272
❚ The Quality Of Life 242 Life on the Margin: Free Blacks in the
Dwellings 243 Old South 272
Conveniences and Inconveniences 243 Slave Resistance 273
Contents ix
❚ The Emergence of African-American Culture 274 Assessing the Compromise 305
The Language of Slaves 274 Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act 306
African-American Religion 275 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 306
Black Music and Dance 276 The Election of 1852 308
❚ The Collapse of the Second Party System,
1853–1856 308
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 309
13
The Surge of Free Soil 309
The Ebbing of Manifest Destiny 310
Immigration, Expansion, and
The Whigs Disintegrate, 1854–1855 310
Sectional Confl ict, 1840–1848 278
The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings,
1853–1856 311
❚ Newcomers and Natives 279
The Republican Party and the Crisis in Kansas,
Expectations and Realities 279
1855–1856 312
The Germans 280
The Election of 1856 313
The Irish 281
❚ The Crisis of the Union, 1857–1860 314
Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and
The Dred Scott Case, 1857 314
Labor Protest 282
The Lecompton Constitution, 1857 315
Immigrant Politics 283
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 316
❚ The West and Beyond 284
The Legacy of Harpers Ferry 318
The Far West 284
The South Contemplates Secession 319
Far Western Trade 284
❚ The Collapse of the Union, 1860–1861 319
The American Settlement of Texas
The Election of 1860 319
to 1835 286
The Movement for Secession 321
The Texas Revolution, 1836 286
The Search for Compromise 322
American Settlements in Cal i fornia,
The Coming of War 322
New Mexico, and Oregon 287
The Overland Trails 287
❚ The Politics of Expansion, 1840–1846 288
The Whig Ascendancy 289
15
Tyler and the Annexation of Texas 289
The Election of 1844 290 Crucible of Freedom: Civil War,
Manifest Destiny, 1845 291
1861–1865 324
Polk and Oregon 292
❚ The Mexican-American War and Its Aftermath, ❚ Mobilizing for War 325
1846–1848 293 Recruitment and Conscription 325
The Origins of the Mexican-American War 293 Financing the War 327
The Mexican-American War 294 Political Leadership in Wartime 328
The War’s Effects on Sectional Confl ict 297 Securing the Union’s Borders 330
The Wilmot Proviso 297 ❚ In Battle, 1861–1862 331
The Election of 1848 298
Armies, Weapons, and Strategies 331
The Cali f ornia Gold Rush 299
Stalemate in the East 332
The War in the West 335
The Soldiers’ War 335
14 Ironclads and Cruisers: The Naval War 336
The Diplomatic War 337
From Compromise to Secession, ❚ Emancipation Transforms the War, 1863 338
1850–1861 301 From Confi scation to Emancipation 338
Crossing Union Lines 339
❚ The Compromise of 1850 302 Black Soldiers in the Union Army 340
Zachary Taylor at the Helm 303 Slavery in Wartime 340
Henry Clay Proposes a Compromise 304 The Turning Point of 1863 341
x Contents
❚ War and Society, North and South 343 ❚ Reconstruction Governments 362
The War’s Economic Impact: The North 343 A New Electorate 362
The War’s Economic Impact: The South 344 Republican Rule 363
Dealing with Dissent 345 Counterattacks 364
The Medical War 346 ❚ The Impact of Emancipation 366
The War and Women’s Rights 347 Confronting Freedom 366
❚ The Union Victorious, 1864–1865 347 African-American Institutions 366
The Eastern Theater in 1864 348 Land, Labor, and Sharecropping 368
The Election of 1864 348 Toward a Crop-Lien Economy 369
Sherman’s March Through Georgia 349 ❚ New Concerns in the North, 1868–1876 370
Toward Appomattox 350 Grantism 370
The Impact of the War 351 The Liberals’ Revolt 371
The Panic of 1873 372
Reconstruction and the Constitution 373
Republicans in Retreat 373
❚ Reconstruction Abandoned, 1876–1877 375
16
“Redeeming” the South 376
The Election of 1876 377
The Crisis of Reconstruction,
1865–1877 353 Appendix A-1
❚ Reconstruction Politics, 1865–1868 354 Declaration of Independence A-1
Constitution of the United States
Lincoln’s Plan 354
of America A-4
Presidential Reconstruction
Presidential Elections, 1789–2008 A-14
Under Johnson 356
Congress Versus Johnson 357
Photograph Credits C-1
The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866 357
Congressional Reconstruction,
1866–1867 358 Index I-1
The Impeachment Crisis, 1867–1868 359
The Fifteenth Amendment and the
Question of Woman Suffrage,
1869–1870 360