The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People

1181 Pages·2008·23.48 MB·English

by  Paul S. Boyer, Clifford E. Clark, Joseph F. Kett, Neal Salisbury, Harvard Sitkoff

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The Enduring Vision
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A History of the 8
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American People 10
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Sixth Edition
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Dolphin Edition 16
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Paul S. Boyer
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University ofWisconsin 21
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Clifford E. Clark, Jr.
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Carleton College
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Joseph F. Kett 27
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University ofVirginia
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Neal Salisbury
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Smith College 32
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Harvard Sitkoff
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University ofNew Hampshire
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Nancy Woloch 38
Barnard College 39
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Houghton Mifflin Company
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Boston New York R 47
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Publisher:Suzanne Jeans
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Senior Sponsoring Editor:Ann West
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Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates
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Senior Development Editor: Jeffrey Greene
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Senior Project Editor: Bob Greiner
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Senior Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber
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Cover Design Director: Anthony L.Saizon
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Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare
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Senior Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton
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New Title Project Manager: Patricia O’Neill
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Editorial Assistant: Evangeline Bermas
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Marketing Associate: Lauren Bussard
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26 Editorial Production Assistant: Laura Collins
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28 Cover art: View of New Orleans,“Under My Wings Everything Prospers” 1803.
29 Chicago Historical Society.
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33 Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved.
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No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and recording,or by any
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information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission by
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federal copyright law.Address inquiries to College Permissions,Houghton Mifflin
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Company,222 Berkeley Street,Boston,MA 02116-3764.
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Printed in the U.S.A.
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Library ofCongress Catalog Number:2007937003
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44 ISBN-10:0-547-05215-4
45 ISBN-13:978-0-547-05215-1
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Contents
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Preface xix Europe and the Atlantic World, 8
About the Authors xxiii 1400–1600 31 9
Portugal and the Atlantic,1400–1500 32 10
1 The “New Slavery”and Racism 32 11
To America and Beyond,1492–1522 34 12
NATIVE PEOPLES OF Spain’s Conquistadors,1492–1536 35 13
AMERICA, TO 1500 1 TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE Sugar 14
The First Americans, Production in the Americas 36 15
c.13,000–2500 B.C. 1 The Columbian Exchange 38 16
Peopling New Worlds 1 Footholds in North America, 17
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CHRONOLOGY 1512–1625 40
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13,000 B.C.–A.D. 1500 3 Spain’s Northern Frontier 40
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Archaic Societies 4 France:Colonizing Canada 44
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Cultural Diversity, England and the Atlantic World,
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c.2500 B.C.–A.D.1500 5 1558–1603 45
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Mesoamerica and South America 5 Failure and Success in Virginia,
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BEYONDAMERICA—GLOBAL 1603–1625 47 25
INTERACTIONSThe Origins and Spread New England Begins,1614–1625 49 26
of Agriculture 8 A “New Netherland”on the Hudson,
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The Southwest 10 1609–1625 51
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The Eastern Woodlands 12 Conclusion 51
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Nonfarming Societies 14
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North American Peoples on the Eve 31
ofEuropean Contact 16 THE EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL 32
Kinship and Gender 16 SOCIETIES, 1625–1700 53 33
Spiritual and Social Values 17 34
Chesapeake Society 53
Conclusion 19 35
State and Church in Virginia 53
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2 State and Church in Maryland 54
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CHRONOLOGY, 1625–1700 55 38
THE RISE OF THE ATLANTIC Death,Gender,and Kinship 56
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WORLD, 1400–1625 21 Tobacco Shapes a Region, 40
African and European Backgrounds 21 1630–1675 57 41
West Africa:Tradition and Change 21 Bacon’s Rebellion,1676 58 42
From Servitude to Slavery 60
CHRONOLOGY, 1400–1625 23 43
European Culture and Society 25 Puritanism in New England 62 44
Religious Upheavals 28 Building a City upon a Hill, 45
The Reformation in England, 1625–1642 62 46
1533–1625 30 New England Ways 63 R 47
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iv Contents
1 Towns,Families,and Farm Life 66 British Expansion in the South:
2 Economic and Religious Tensions 68 Georgia 110
3 Expansion and Native Americans 69 Spain’s Borderlands 111
4 Salem Witchcraft,1691–1693 72 The Return ofWar,1739–1748 112
5 The Spread ofSlavery:The Caribbean and Public Life in British America,
6 Carolina 75 1689–1750 114
7 Sugar and Slaves:The West Indies 75 Colonial Politics 114
8 Rice and Slaves:Carolina 76 The Enlightenment 116
9 The Middle Colonies 78 The Great Awakening 118
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Precursors:New Netherland and Conclusion 121
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New Sweden 78
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English Conquests:New York and
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New Jersey 80
14 ROADS TO REVOLUTION,
Quaker Pennsylvania 81
15 1750–1776 123
Rivals for North America:France and
16 Triumph and Tensions:The British
Spain 83
17 Empire,1750–1763 123
France Claims a Continent 83
18 New Mexico:The Pueblo Revolt 85 A Fragile Peace,1750–1754 123
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Florida and Texas 86 CHRONOLOGY, 1750–1776 125
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Conclusion 87 The Seven Years’War in America,
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1754–1760 126
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4 The End ofFrench North America,
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1760–1763 127
24 THE BONDS OF EMPIRE, Anglo-American Friction 129
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1660–1750 88 TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE Public
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Rebellion and War, Sanitation in Philadelphia 130
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1660–1713 88 Frontier Tensions 132
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29 Royal Centralization,1660–1688 88 Imperial Authority,Colonial Opposition,
30 CHRONOLOGY, 1660–1750 89 1760–1766 133
31 The Glorious Revolution,1688–1689 90 Writs ofAssistance,1760–1761 133
32 A Generation ofWar,1689–1713 92 The Sugar Act,1764 133
33 Colonial Economies and Societies, The Stamp Act Crisis,1765–1766 135
34 1660–1750 93 Ideology,Religion,and Resistance 139
35 Mercantilist Empires in America 93 Resistance Resumes,1766–1770 141
36 Population Growth and Diversity 96 Opposing the Quartering Act,
37 Rural White Men and Women 101 1766–1767 141
38 Colonial Farmers and the Crisis over the Townshend Duties,
39 Environment 102 1767–1770 142
40 The Urban Paradox 103 Women and Colonial Resistance 144
41 Slavery 104 Customs “Racketeering,”1767–1770 145
42 The Rise ofColonial Elites 106 “Wilkes and Liberty,”1768–1770 146
43 Competing for a Continent, The Deepening Crisis,1770–1774 147
44 1713–1750 107 The Boston Massacre,1770 147
45 France and the American The Committees ofCorrespondence,
46 Heartland 107 1772–1773 148
47 R Native Americans and British Conflicts in the Backcountry 149
48 L Expansion 109 The Tea Act,1773 151
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Contents v
Toward Independence,1774–1776 152 The Struggle over Ratification, 1
Liberty for African-Americans 153 1787–1788 196 2
The “Intolerable Acts” 153 Conclusion 198 3
The First Continental Congress 155 4
From Resistance to Rebellion 155 7 5
Common Sense 156 6
LAUNCHING THE NEW
Declaring Independence 157 7
Conclusion 160 REPUBLIC, 1788–1800 200 8
Constitutional Government Takes Shape, 9
6 1788–1796 200 10
Implementing Government 200 11
SECURING INDEPENDENCE, CHRONOLOGY, 1788–1800 201 12
DEFINING NATIONHOOD, 13
The Federal Judiciary and the
1776–1788 161 Bill ofRights 202 14
The Prospects ofWar 161 Hamilton’s Domestic Policies, 15
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Loyalists and Other British 1789–1794 203
Sympathizers 161 Hamilton and His Objectives 203 17
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CHRONOLOGY, 1776–1788 163 Establishing the Nation’s Credit 203
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The Opposing Sides 165 Creating a National Bank 206
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War and Peace,1776–1783 167 Emerging Partisanship 207
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Shifting Fortunes in the North, The Whiskey Rebellion 208
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1776–1778 167 The United States in a Wider World,
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BEYONDAMERICA—GLOBAL 1789–1796 209 24
INTERACTIONS The American Revolution Spanish Power in Western North 25
as an International War 170 America 210 26
The War in the West,1776–1782 172 Challenging American Expansion, 27
Victory in the South,1778–1781 173 1789–1792 211 28
Peace at Last,1782–1783 175 France and Factional Politics,1793 211 29
Diplomacy and War,1793–1796 213
The Revolution and Social Change 176 30
Egalitarianism Among White Men 176 Parties and Politics,1793–1800 215 31
White Women in Wartime 178 Ideological Confrontation,1793–1794 215 32
A Revolution for Black Americans 179 The Republican Party,1794–1796 216 33
Native Americans and the The Election of1796 217 34
Revolution 181 The French Crisis,1798–1799 218 35
Forging New Governments, The Alien and Sedition Acts,1798 219 36
1776–1787 181 The Election of1800 221 37
From Colonies to States 182 Economic and Social Change 222 38
Formalizing a Confederation, Producing for Markets 222 39
1776–1781 185 White Women in the Republic 224 40
Finance,Trade,and the Economy, Land and Culture:Native 41
1781–1786 185 Americans 227 42
The Confederation and the West, African-American Struggles 229 43
1785–1787 187 Conclusion 232 44
Toward a New Constitution, 45
1786–1788 191 46
Shays’s Rebellion,1786–1787 191 R 47
The Philadelphia Convention,1787 192 L 48
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vi Contents
1 8 Western Society and Customs 262
2 CHRONOLOGY, 1815–1840 263
3 JEFFERSONIANISM AND THE The Far West 263
4 ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS, The Federal Government and
5 1801–1824 233 the West 265
6 The Age ofJefferson 233 The Removal ofthe Indians 265
7 Jefferson and Jeffersonianism 233 The Agricultural Boom 267
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Jefferson’s “Revolution” 234 The Growth ofthe Market Economy 268
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CHRONOLOGY, 1801–1824 235 Federal Land Policy 269
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Jefferson and the Judiciary 237 The Speculator and the Squatter 270
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The Louisiana Purchase,1803 238 The Panic of1819 270
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The Election of1804 240 The Transportation Revolution:
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition 240 Steamboats,Canals,and Railroads 271
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The Gathering Storm 242 The Growth ofCities 273
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16 Challenges on the Home Front 242 Industrial Beginnings 274
17 The Suppression ofAmerican Trade and Causes ofIndustrialization 275
18 Impressment 243 Textile Towns in New England 276
19 The Embargo Act of1807 244 Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic
20 James Madison and the Failure ofPeaceable Cities 278
21 Coercion 245 Equality and Inequality 279
22 Tecumseh and the Prophet 247 Urban Inequality:The Rich and
23 Congress Votes for War 248 the Poor 279
24 The War of1812 249 Free Blacks in the North 280
25 On to Canada 250 The “Middling Classes” 282
26 The British Offensive 250 The Revolution in Social
27 The Treaty ofGhent,1814 251 Relationships 284
28 The Hartford Convention 251 The Attack on the Professions 284
29 The Awakening ofAmerican The Challenge to Family Authority 285
30 Nationalism 253 Wives and Husbands 286
31 Madison’s Nationalism and the Era ofGood Horizontal Allegiances and the Rise of
32 Feelings,1817–1824 253 Voluntary Associations 288
33 John Marshall and the Supreme Conclusion 289
34 Court 254
35 The Missouri Compromise, 10
36 1820–1821 256
37 Foreign Policy Under Monroe 257 DEMOCRATIC POLITICS, RELIGIOUS
38 The Monroe Doctrine,1823 258 REVIVAL, AND REFORM,
39 Conclusion 259 1824–1840 290
40 The Rise ofDemocratic Politics,
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43 THE TRANSFORMATION CHRONOLOGY, 1824–1840 291
Democratic Ferment 292
44 OF AMERICAN SOCIETY,
The Election of1824 292
45 1815–1840 261
John Quincy Adams as President 293
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Westward Expansion 261 The Rise ofAndrew Jackson 293
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The Sweep West 261 The Election of1828 294
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Contents vii
Jackson in Office 295 Democratic Pastimes 337
Nullification 296 Newspapers 337
The Bank Veto and the Election The Theater 338
of1832 299 Minstrel Shows 339
The Bank Controversy and the Second P.T.Barnum 340
Party System,1833–1840 300 The Quest for Nationality in Literature
The War on the Bank 300 and Art 341
The Rise ofWhig Opposition 302 Roots ofthe American Renaissance 341
The Election of1836 303 Cooper,Emerson,Thoreau,Fuller,and
The Panic of1837 304 Whitman 342
The Election of1840 305 Hawthorne,Melville,and Poe 345
The Second Party System Matures 305 Literature in the Marketplace 346
The Rise ofPopular Religion 306 American Landscape Painting 347
The Second Great Awakening 306 Conclusion 349
Eastern Revivals 307
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Critics ofRevivals:The Unitarians 308
The Rise ofMormonism 309
THE OLD SOUTH AND
The Shakers 310
SLAVERY, 1830–1860 351
The Age ofReform 311
The War on Liquor 311 King Cotton 351
Public-School Reform 313 The Lure ofCotton 351
Abolition 314 Ties Between the Lower and
Women’s Rights 317 Upper South 352
Penitentiaries and Asylums 319 The North and South Diverge 352
Utopian Communities 320 CHRONOLOGY, 1830–1860 353
Conclusion 322 The Social Groups ofthe White
South 357
11 Planters and Plantation Mistresses 357
The Small Slaveholders 359
TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND
The Yeomen 360
EVERYDAY LIFE, 1840–1860 323 The People ofthe Pine Barrens 361
Technology and Economic Growth 323 Social Relations in the White South 362
Agricultural Advancement 323 Conflict and Consensus in the
Technology and Industrial Progress 324 White South 362
CHRONOLOGY, 1840–1860 325 Conflict over Slavery 363
The Railroad Boom 327 The Proslavery Argument 364
TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE Guns and Violence in the Old South 365
Gun Culture 328 The Code ofHonor and Dueling 365
Rising Prosperity 331 BEYONDAMERICA—GLOBAL
The Quality ofLife 332 INTERACTIONS Slavery as a Global
Dwellings 332 Institution 366
Conveniences and Inconveniences 334 The Southern Evangelicals and
Disease and Health 335 White Values 368
Popular Health Movements 336 Life Under Slavery 369
Phrenology 336 The Maturing ofthe Plantation
System 369
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Work and Discipline ofPlantation The Mexican-American War and Its
Slaves 370 Aftermath,1846–1848 402
The Slave Family 372 The Origins ofthe Mexican-American
The Longevity,Diet,and Health of War 402
Slaves 373 The Mexican-American War 404
Slaves offPlantations 374 The War’s Effects on Sectional Conflict 407
Life on the Margins:Free Blacks in the Old The Wilmot Proviso 408
South 374 The Election of1848 408
Slave Resistance 376 The California Gold Rush 410
The Emergence ofAfrican-American Conclusion 411
Culture 378
The Language ofSlaves 378 14
African-American Religion 378
FROM COMPROMISE TO
Black Music and Dance 381
SECESSION, 1850–1861 412
Conclusion 382
The Compromise of1850 412
CHRONOLOGY, 1850–1861 413
13 Zachary Taylor at the Helm 413
Henry Clay Proposes a Compromise 414
IMMIGRATION, EXPANSION, AND
Assessing the Compromise 416
SECTIONAL CONFLICT, Enforcement ofthe Fugitive Slave Act 417
1840–1848 383 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 418
Newcomers and Natives 383 The Election of1852 420
Expectations and Realities 383 The Collapse ofthe Second Party System,
CHRONOLOGY, 1840–1848 385 1853–1856 420
The Germans 386 The Kansas-Nebraska Act 421
The Irish 387 The Surge ofFree Soil 422
Anti-Catholicism,Nativism,and Labor The Ebbing ofManifest Destiny 422
Protest 388 The Whigs Disintegrate,1854–1855 423
Immigrant Politics 389 The Rise and Fall ofthe Know-Nothings,
The West and Beyond 390 1853–1856 424
The Far West 391 The Republican Party and the Crisis in
Far Western Trade 392 Kansas,1855–1856 425
The Election of1856 428
The American Settlement ofTexas
to 1835 393 The Crisis ofthe Union,1857–1860 429
The Texas Revolution,1836 394 The Dred Scott Case,1857 430
American Settlements in California,New The Lecompton Constitution,1857 431
Mexico,and Oregon 395 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates,1858 432
The Overland Trails 395 The Legacy ofHarpers Ferry 434
The Politics ofExpansion, The South Contemplates Secession 435
1840–1846 396 The Collapse ofthe Union,
The Whig Ascendancy 397 1860–1861 436
Tyler and the Annexation ofTexas 398 The Election of1860 436
The Election of1844 398 The Movement for Secession 438
Manifest Destiny,1845 399 The Search for Compromise 440
Polk and Oregon 401 The Coming ofWar 441
Conclusion 441
Contents ix
15 Lincoln’s Plan 482
CHRONOLOGY, 1865–1877 483
CRUCIBLE OF FREEDOM:
Presidential Reconstruction Under
CIVIL WAR, 1861–1865 443 Johnson 484
Mobilizing for War 443 Congress Versus Johnson 486
Recruitment and Conscription 443 The Fourteenth Amendment,1866 487
CHRONOLOGY, 1861–1865 445 Congressional Reconstruction,
Financing the War 446 1866–1867 488
Political Leadership in Wartime 447 The Impeachment Crisis,1867–1868 489
Securing the Union’s Borders 449 The Fifteenth Amendment and the Question
ofWoman Suffrage,1869–1870 490
In Battle,1861–1862 450
Armies,Weapons,and Strategies 450 Reconstruction Governments 492
Stalemate in the East 453 A New Electorate 493
The War in the West 455 Republican Rule 495
The Soldiers’War 456 Counterattacks 496
Ironclads and Cruisers:The Naval The Impact ofEmancipation 497
War 457 Confronting Freedom 497
The Diplomatic War 458 African-American Institutions 499
Emancipation Transforms the War, Land,Labor,and Sharecropping 500
1863 459 Toward a Crop-Lien Economy 502
From Confiscation to Emancipation 459 New Concerns in the North,
Crossing Union Lines 461 1868–1876 503
Black Soldiers in the Union Army 462 Grantism 503
Slavery in Wartime 463 The Liberals’Revolt 504
The Turning Point of1863 464 The Panic of1873 505
War and Society,North and South 467 TECHNOLOGYANDCULTURE The Sewing
The War’s Economic Impact: Machine 506
The North 467 Reconstruction and the Constitution 509
The War’s Economic Impact: Republicans in Retreat 510
The South 469 Reconstruction Abandoned,
Dealing with Dissent 470 1876–1877 510
The Medical War 471 “Redeeming”the South 510
The War and Women’s Rights 473 The Election of1876 512
The Union Victorious,1864–1865 474 Conclusion 514
The Eastern Theater in 1864 474
The Election of1864 475 17
Sherman’s March Through Georgia 476
Toward Appomattox 477 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE
The Impact ofthe War 478 TRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST,
1860–1900 516
Conclusion 479
Native Americans and the
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THE CRISES OF CHRONOLOGY, 1860–1900 517
The Plains Indians 518
RECONSTRUCTION,
The Assault on Nomadic Indian Life 519
1865–1877 481
Custer’s Last Stand,1876 522
Reconstruction Politics,1865–1868 481 “Saving”the Indians 524