The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ’Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

506 Pages·1994·2.49 MB·English

by  Khalid Y. Blankinship

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title : The End of the Jihâd State : The Reign of Hisham Ibn Àbd Al-
Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads SUNY Series in
Medieval Middle East History
author : Blankinship, Khalid Yahya.
publisher : State University of New York Press
isbn10 | asin : 0791418278
print isbn13 : 9780791418277
ebook isbn13 : 9780585044583
language : English
subject Islamic Empire--History--661-750.
publication date : 1994
lcc : DS38.5.B58 1994eb
ddc : 909/.09767101
subject : Islamic Empire--History--661-750.
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The End of the Jihad * State
SUNY Series in Medieval Middle East History
Jere Bacharach, editor
The End of the Jihad* State
The Reign of Hisham* Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
Khalid Yahya Blankinship
State University of New York Press

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Page iv
Published by
State University of New York Press, Albany
© 1994 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the
case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press,
State University Plaza, Albany, NY 12246
Production by Bernadine Dawes Marketing by Bernadette LaManna
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
The end of the jihad * state: the reign of Hisham* ibn 'Abd al-Malik
and the collapse of the Umayyads / Khalid Yahya Blankinship.
p. cm. (SUNY series in medieval Middle East history)
Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index
ISBN 0-7914-1827-8 ISBN 0-7914-1828-6 (pbk.)
1. Islamic EmpireHistory661-750. I. Title. II. Series.
DS38.5.B58 1994
909'.09767101dc20 93-26126
CIP
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Page v
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Explanations, Symbols, and Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
1
The Importance of the Umayyad Caliphate and Its Collapse
4
The Problem of the Reign of Hisham *
1. Jihad* and the Caliphate before Hisham* 11
11
The Doctrine of Jihad*
19
An Outline of the History of the Jihad* State 2-132/623-750
21
The Madinan* State and the First Expansion 2-35/623-56
23
The First Civil War and the First Hiatus 35-40/656-61
24
The Sufyanid* Umayyad State and the Second Expansion 40-63/661-83
26
The Second Hiatus and the Second Civil War 63-76/683-92
28
The Marwanid* Umayyad State and the Third Expansion 73-99/692-718
31
The Third Hiatus and 'Umar II 99-101/718-20
34
The Marwanid* Umayyad State and the Fourth Expansion 101-22/720-40
2. Administrative Geography and Tribal Identity under Hisham* 37
37
The Administrative Geography of the Caliphate in 105/724
42
Tribal Identity in the Administration and the Army
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Page vi
3. The Individual Provinces of the Caliphate 47
47
Syria, the Metropolitan Province
50
The Jaziran * Superprovince
57
The Iraqi Superprovince: The 'Viceroyalty of the East'
67
The North African or Western Superprovince
73
The Southern Zone: The West Arabian Backwater
4. Administrative Policies and Ideology at the Beginning of Hisham's* Reign 77
77
The Caliph Hisham* and the Caliphal Office
79
The Central Administration of the Caliphate under Hisham*
81
Caliphal Fiscal Policy at the Start of Hisham's* Reign
92
Ideological Centralization
5. The Challenges of Internal and Foreign Opposition to Hisham's* Caliphate 97
97
The Internal Opposition under Hisham*
102
The External Strategic Situation in 105/724
104
The Byzantine Empire
106
The Caucasian Principalities
108
The Khazar Khanate
109
The Turgesh Khanate and Transoxiana
110
Sijistan*
110
India
112
The Franks
113
The Berbers
114
Other Parts of Africa: Nubia and Abyssinia
6. The Beginning of the Military Crisis 105-11/724-29 117
117
The Building Crisis
117
The Byzantine Front 105-11/724-29
121
The Caucasus 105-11/724-29
1255
Transoxiana 105-11/724-29
129
Sijistan* 105-08/724-27
131
India 104-08/723-27
135
Egypt 105-11/724-29
136
North Africa and the West Mediterranean 105-11/724-29
140
Spain and the Franks 105-11/724-29

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7. The Climax of the Military Crisis 145
145
A Sudden Turn for the Worse
146
Sijistan * 108-14/726-32
147
India 108-13/726-31
149
The Caucasus 112-14/730-32
155
Transoxiana and Khurasan* 111-15/730-33
162
The Byzantine Front 112-14/730-32
163
The Frankish Front 112-14/730-32
165
Egypt and North Africa 112-14/730-32
8. The Continuation of the Policy of Expansion 115-22/733-40 167
167
Lull and Resumption
168
The Byzantine Front 115-22/733-40
170
The Caucasus Front 115-23/733-41
176
Transoxiana and Khurasan* 115-23/733-41
185
Sijistan* 115-25/733-43
186
India 113-22/73140
190
Khariji* and Shi'i* Revolts in Iraq and the East
192
Egypt 115-22/733-40
193
North Africa 115-22/733-40
196
Spain and France 114-22/732-40
9. The Collapse of the Expansion Policy 122-25/740-43 199
199
The Berber Revolt and the End of Expansion
200
The Byzantine Front 123-25/741-43
202
The East, Including Sind 122-25/740-43
203
The Great Berber Revolt 122-25/740-43
204
Causes of the Revolt
206
The Beginning of the Revolt 122-23/740-41
208
'Abd al-Malik b. Qatan al-Fihri's* Coup in Spain 123/741
209
The Brief Governorship of Kulthum* b. 'Iyad*. 123-24/741
213
The North African Governorship of Hanzala* b. Safwan* al-Kalbi* 124-27/742-45
218
The Caliphal Twilight in Spain 124-25/742-43
Conclusion 223
Final Results of the Destruction and Scattering of the

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Page viii
223
Syrian Army
225
The Yamani-Sponsored * Reform Program: Rationale and Result
230
General Conclusions
Maps 237
Appendix A: Sources for the Reign of Hisham* b. 'Abd al-Malik 247
247
Historical-Critical Considerations
251
Some Aspects of Methodology
254
The Nature of the Sources
257
The Limitations of the Material Evidence
258
The Muslim Literary Sources and Their Geographical Limitations
265
Christian Literary Sources
267
Social and Structural Limitations in the Muslim Literary Sources
270
Modern Scholarship
Appendix B: On the Population of the Umayyad Caliphate 273
Glossary of Arabic Technical Terms 275
Notes 279
Bibliography 353
Index 369
Map Index 395