Table Of Contentif
The Encyclopedia
PSYCHIATRY,
PSYCHOLOGY,
-AND-
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Editors
Benjamin B. Wolman, Ph.D.
Editor in Chiif'
Jean E. Wolman
Managing Editor
CONSULTING EDITORS
J.
Leah Dickstein, M.D.
P~chiatry
Gregory A. Kimble, Ph.D.
Joseph M. Notterman, Ph.D.
Experimental, Physiological, and Comparative P~cholo8Y
George Stricker, Ph.D.
Social, Developmental, and Clinical P~cholo8Y
Samuel Ritvo, M.D.
Albert J. Solnit, M.D.
P~choanalysis and Related Systems
EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS
Paul David Boyer
Debra Duchin
oj
The Encyclopedia
PSYCHIATRY,
PSYCHOLOGY,
· AND ·
PSYCHOANALYSIS
.. .. ..
Benjamin B. Wolman
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Palgrave Macmillan
A Henry Holt Reference Book
Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
Publishers since 1866
115 West 18th Street
New York, New York 10011
Henry Holt ® is a registered trademark of Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
Copyright © 1996 by Aesculapius Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996
Published in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd.,
91 Granton Drive, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 2N5.
ISBN 978-1-349-14464-8 ISBN 978-1-349-14462-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14462-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, and psychoanalysis/
Benjamin B. Wolman.-1st ed.
p. cm.-(A Henry Holt reference book)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Psychiatry-Encyclopedias. 2. Psychology-Encyclopedias.
3. Psychoanalysis-Encyclopedias. 4. Clinical psychology-Encyclopedias.
I. Wolman, Benjamin B. II. Series.
RC437.E49 1996
616.89'003-dc20 95-41116
CIP
ISBN 978-0-8050-2234-6
Henry Holt books are available for special
promotions and premiums. For details contact:
Director, Special Markets.
First Edition-1996
Designed by Victoria Hartman
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
FOREWORD TO THE 1977
EDITION BY JEAN PIAGET IX
PREFACE XI
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIII
AUTHORS XV
ENTRIES 1
Foreword to the 1977 Edition
BY JEAN PIAGET
W
hen I was young (quite a while entirety of works inspired by Skinner's work or on
ago), the great psychologists who the multiple aspects of psycholinguistics, and so on,
dominated the scene, such as I think that my examiners would judge me very
Thorndike, Spearman, Kohler, severely and I would not receive a passing mark.
Binet, Claparede, and many others, could have still Even in the field of perception, which I studied for
flattered themselves that they knew all the fields of years (see my work Les Micanismes Percepti/s), I am
psychology. One could speak with them about per no longer completely up to date on the numerous
ception, intelligence, learning, interests, or affects, recent works. Nevertheless, I continue to work and
and so on. They were up to date on the main works, write every day. But to read all that appears is a
and they read all the essentials pertaining to these totally different matter! I recall a visit that I made
areas besides. They possessed a reciprocal general around 1954 to a renowned Scandinavian colleague
knowledge in neurology and psychiatry. The great because I was told about similarities between our
specialists in neurology and psychiatry knew psy respective works. He accepted me very kindly, and
chology. The only disquieting barrier that one could afterward he made several visits to Geneva at the
observe was the one that separated psychoanalysts times of our annual Symposia. His first words were
from experimental psychologists in the sense that the following: "You have certainly never read any
the first harbored some misapprehension for "acade thing of mine, and never will. As far as I am con
mic psychology," while the reverse was less true, for cerned, I have not read anything of yours, and this
few psychologists readily understood the general will not change. We should find devoted young col
basis of psychoanalysis (such as the importance of laborators who would inform each of us of the
the unconscious and its roots in infancy, repression, works of the other! "
etc.). In regard to neurological and psychiatric knowl
At that distant time, an encyclopedia that encom edge of psychologists and psychological knowledge
passed the different aspects of the human mind, like of neurologists and psychiatrists, they are more and
the present one that I have the honor to preface more incomplete because of the growing complexity
today, would have been a rather small volume and of these different fields and scarcity of truly interdis
would not have been of great significance, since ciplinary works. As a matter of fact, true interdisci
every scholar could have acquired general knowl plinarity requires "multicompetence" from each one
edge of whatever was of importance. of the participants and not only competence in his
However, at the present time (that is, sixty years own domain.
after the period I have just described), the situation It is therefore evident that in the presence of this
is totally different. Even in regard to psychology, I alarming situation, Dr. Benjamin B. Wolman has
think that no psychologist has a complete mastery of rendered a very great service to our different disci
all areas in the science. For my part, I believe that I plines by conceiving the ambitious but infinitely use
know the principal tendencies of contemporary psy ful project of the International Encyclopedia 0/
chology, but if I had to pass an examination on the Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychoanalysis. This col-
ix
Foreword
lective work renders the greatest service by present lems that preoccupy them, they will discover the
ing a picture of the totality of our knowledge of multitude and complexity of those they had not even
man-his nervous system and the functions of thought about.
his mind, his development, and his pathological In concluding this brief preface, allow me to be
deviations. By consulting the innumerable articles presumptuous and to speak on behalf of future read
devoted to every particular question, not only begin ers in thanking and congratulating Dr. Benjamin B.
ners or students, but also qualified experts will learn Wolman, the authors, editors, and other partici
much that has been done in this subject. Also, and pants, for rendering us all the greatest of services by
this is probably essential, in addition to those prob- providing us with this great work.
Jean Piaget
Geneva, October, 1976
x
Preface
T
he twelve-volume International Encyclope an indispensable source of information for physi
dia 0/ Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanaly cians in private practice, pediatricians, neurologists,
sis, and Neurology was published in 1977. guidance workers, social workers, public health offi
In 1983 the thirteenth Progress Volume cials, nurses, and other professionals involved in
was published. The present one-volume Encyclope mental health and human mind problems. No point
dia 0/ Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychoanalysis is an of view, no new idea, no area of research has been
outgrowth of two major needs: to update the Ency omitted.
clopedia and to make it available to researchers, I was fortunate to secure the efficient cooperation
graduate students, and practitioners in the mental of my wife, Jean Evans Wolman, in the task of man
health field. aging editor. She organized and supervised the
The editors of this new Encyclopedia have entire work. I 'was fortunate also to get the coopera
checked every single entry in the thirteen volumes tion of Leah J. Dickstein, M.D., as the consulting
and decided which ones should be omitted, which editor of Psychiatry; Gregory A. Kimble, Ph.D., and
abridged, and which updated. We have come to Joseph M. Notterman, Ph.D., as consulting editors
realize that the thirteen-volume Encyclopedia is too of Experimenta" Physiologica" and Comparative Psy
expensive for individual faculty members, clinicians, chology; George Stricker, Ph.D., as consulting editor
researchers, and graduate students; thus, we of Socia" Developmenta" and Clinical Psychology;
abridged most entries. We have decided that neurol and Albert J. Solnit, M.D., and Samuel Ritvo, M.D.,
ogy will warrant a separate volume, and there is not as consulting editors of Psychoanalysis and Related
urgent reason to include it in this Encyclopedia. Systems.
Also, a description of current developments in other I have read and edited every article and checked
countries is omitted. Biographical entries were for accuracy and presentation in close cooperation
reduced in size, and, to save space, the number of with the consulting editors.
references were cut to a minimum. May I express my gratitude to all our authors,
The present Encyclopedia offers an authoritative, consultants, coworkers, and assistants, especially
complete, and up-to-date description of research, Paul David Boyer and Debra Duchin.
theory, and practice in the sciences and professions I am profoundly grateful to Kenneth Wright, edi
that deal with the human mind and its ills. The torial director of Henry Holt Publishers, to Robert
Encyclopedia is written for the professions of psy Markel, president of Markel Associates, and to Mary
chiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, clinical social Kay Linge, editor of Henry Holt Reference Books,
work, and related areas. It is intended to serve as for their unswerving support and guidance.
a basic reference book for graduate, doctoral,
and postdoctoral programs. The Encyclopedia is Benjamin B. Wolman
xi
