The Encyclopedia of Political Science Set

1942 Pages·2011·47.33 MB·English

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE
George Thomas Kurian, editor in chief
James E. Alt
Simone Chambers
Geoffrey Garrett
Margaret Levi
Paula D. McClain
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Prepared with the assistance of the American Political Science Association
A Division of SAGE
Washington, D.C.
CQ Press
2300 N Street, NW, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20037
Phone: [phone]; toll-free, 1-866-4CQ-PRESS (1-866-427-7737)
Web: www.cqpress.com
Copyright © 2011 by CQ Press, a division of SAGE. CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
Cover design: Anne C. Kerns, Anne Likes Red, Inc.
Cover photos: Protest in India: Associated Press, Mustafa Quraishi; Afghan women vote: Associated Press, Alexandra Boulat;
Japanese Parliment: Kyodo; U.S. Supreme Court: Jarek Tuszynski, Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0; Iraqi Kurdish women
militia: Associated Press, Hasan Sarbakhshian
Maps: International Mapping Associates
Composition: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
The paper used in this publication exceeds the requirements of the American National Standard for Information
Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Printed and bound in the United States of America
14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The encyclopedia of political science/George Thomas Kurian, editor-in-chief.
5 v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0 (alk. paper)
1. Political science—Encyclopedias. I. Kurian, George Thomas. II. Title.
JA61.E513 2011
320.03—dc22
2010036238
CONTENTS
Alphabetical Table of Contents vii
Thematic Table of Contents xxi
About the Editors xxxvii
List of Authors xli
Preface lv
Introduction lix
Entries, A–Z 1
Index, following page 1802

ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abortion and Politics 1 Anticlericalism 59
Absentee Voting 3 Anti-democratic Thought 60
Absolutism 3 Anti-Semitism 62
Academic Freedom 4 Antitrust Policy 63
Accountability 5 Apartheid 65
Addams, Jane 9 Apparentement 66
Additional Member System 10 Appeasement 66
Adjudication 10 Appropriation 67
Administrative Courts 11 Approval Voting 67
Administrative Law 13 Aprismo 68
Administrative State 14 Arab-Israeli Relations 68
Adorno, Theodor W. 15 Arab League 69
Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard 15 Arab Political Economy 70
Advertising, Political 16 Arab Political Thought 71
Advise and Consent 17 Arab Socialism 72
Advocacy Coalition Networks 18 Arbitration 73
Advocacy Groups 20 Arendt, Hannah 73
Affirmative Action 21 Aristotle 75
Aflaq, Michel 22 Armenian Genocide 75
African Political Economy 23 Arms Control 77
African Political Thought 24 Arms Race 81
African Politics and Society 26 Arnold, Thurman Wesley 83
African Union 30 Aron, Raymond 83
Afro-Marxism 32 Articles of Confederation 84
Agenda Control 33 Asian American Identity and Groups 85
Agenda Setting 34 Asian Political Thought 86
Agrarianism 36 Asia Pacific Region Politics and Society 91
AIDS, Politics of 37 Assassinations, Political 95
Alienation, Political 38 Assimilation 96
Alighieri, Dante 40 Astell, Mary 97
Alker, Hayward R. 40 Asylum Rights 98
Allegiance 41 Asymmetric Wars 99
Alliances 43 Atlantic Charter 100
Almond, Gabriel 44 At-Large Elections 100
Alternate Delegate 45 Attorney General 101
Althusius, Johannes 45 Augustine of Hippo 101
Althusser, Louis 46 Australian Ballot 102
Americanization 46 Autarky 103
Amicus Curiae Briefs 48 Authoritarianism, African 103
Analytic Narrative 48 Authority 104
Anarchism 51 Autocracy 106
Anarchy 52 Autogestion 107
Anglophone Africa 54 Autogolpe 107
Animal Rights 56 Autonomy 107
Anthony, Susan Brownell 57 Baathism 109
Anti- and Alter-globalization Movements 58 Bachrach, Peter 110
viii Alphabetical Table of Contents
Bagehot, Walter 111 Bunche, Ralph Johnson 161
Bahro, Rudolf 111 Bureaucracy 162
Bakunin, Mikhail 112 Bureaucratic Authoritarianism 166
Balance of Power 113 Burke, Edmund 167
Balkans 113 Burnham, James 168
Ballot Design 115 Business Cycles, Political 169
Baltic States 117 Business Preference Formation 170
Banana Republic 120 Business Pressure in Politics 171
Bandwagoning 120 By(e)-election 172
Banfield, Edward C. 121 Cabinets and Cabinet Formation 173
Banks, Jeffrey S. 121 Caciquismo/Coronelismo 174
Barker, Ernest 122 Caesarism 175
Barrès, Maurice 123 Calhoun, John 175
Basque Separatism 123 Calvin, John 176
Bassett, Reginald 124 Cambridge School 176
Baudrillard, Jean 125 Campaign Advertising 177
Bauer, Otto 125 Campaign Finance 179
Bayesian Analysis 126 Campaigns 181
Beard, Charles A. 126 Campbell, Albert Angus 184
Beauvoir, Simone de 127 Camus, Albert 184
Beccaria, Cesare 128 Candidate Recruitment 185
Beer, Samuel Hutchison 128 Candidate Selection 187
Behavioral Game Theory 129 Capitalism and Democracy 188
Bellarmine, Robert 130 Capital Punishment 189
Bentham, Jeremy 131 Caribbean 193
Bentley, Arthur Fisher 132 Carr, E. H. 196
Berelson, Bernard R. 132 Carter, Gwendolen M. 196
Berle, Adolf Augustus 133 Cartoons, Political 197
Berlin, Isaiah 134 Case Studies 198
Bernstein, Eduard 134 Caste System 199
Bill of Rights 135 Castoriadis, Cornelius 200
Binomial Electoral System 136 Casus Belli 201
Bioethics and Politics 137 Catlin, George Edward Gordon 201
Biology and Political Science 138 Caucus 201
Blackstone, William 139 Causal Inference 202
Blanqui, Louis-Auguste 140 Causation and Correlation 202
Bloc 140 Censorship 203
Bloch, Ernst 141 Censure 204
Block Vote 141 Center-periphery Relations (Federalism) 205
Blogs and Bloggers 142 Central Bank 206
Bobbio, Norberto 143 Centralization, Deconcentration, and Decentralization 207
Bodin, Jean 144 Centrally Planned Economy 208
Boff, Leonardo 144 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 209
Bolshevism 145 Chancellor 210
Bonald, Louis Gabriel-Ambroise, vicomte de 146 Charisma 211
Bookchin, Murray 147 Chartism 211
Boundary Making and Boundary Disputes 147 Chauvinism 212
Bourdieu, Pierre 149 Checks and Balances 212
Boycott 150 Children’s Rights 216
Brinkmanship 150 Chinese Political Thought 217
British Political Thought 150 Christian Democratic Parties 220
Bryce, James 154 Christian Socialism 221
Buddhist Political Thought 154 Church and State 222
Budgeting 156 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 224
Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich 159 Citizen Knowledge 225
Bull, Hedley 160 Citizenship 226
Alphabetical Table of Contents ix
City-republic 230 Consensus 299
Civic Education 231 Consent of the Governed 300
Civic Engagement 233 Consequentialism 301
Civic Humanism 233 Conservatism 301
Civil and Political Rights 235 Conservative Parties 305
Civil Disobedience 236 Consociational Democracy 307
Civil Law 237 Constant de Rebeque, Henri-Benjamin 308
Civil-military Relations 238 Constituency 309
Civil Religion 239 Constituency Relations 309
Civil Rights Movement 240 Constitutional Amendments 310
Civil Service 241 Constitutional Courts 312
Civil Society 242 Constitutional Democracy 313
Civil Wars 246 Constitutional Law 314
Clash of Civilizations 247 Constitutional Monarchy 315
Class and Politics 248 Constitutional Systems, Comparative 317
Class Consciousness, Envy, and Conflict 252 Constitution Amending Procedures 318
Clericalism 253 Constitutions, Unwritten 319
Clientelism 253 Constitutions and Constitutionalism 320
Clientelistic Parties in Latin America 254 Constructivism 323
Climate Change Conferences, United Nations 255 Consultants, Political 325
Cloture 257 Consumer Society 326
Coalition Formation 257 Contagion of the Left 327
Coalition Theory 258 Containment 327
Cognitive Theory and Politics 259 Content Analysis 328
Cohabitation 261 Contentious Politics 328
Cold War 261 Contractarianism 332
Cole, George Douglas Howard 263 Convenience Voting 332
Collapsed and Failed States 264 Convergence Theory 333
Collective Action, Theory of 265 Cooperative Security 338
Collective Action and Mobilization 266 Copyright 339
Collectivization 270 Corporation 340
Colonialism 271 Correlation 341
Colonial Wars 274 Corruption, Political 341
Commerce Clause 275 Corruption and Other Political Pathologies 343
Common Goods 276 Corwin, Edward Samuel 346
Common Law 280 Cosmopolitanism 347
Commonwealth 281 Cost-benefit Analysis 348
Communalism 283 Counter-Enlightenment Political Thought 348
Commune 283 Counterfactual 350
Communication, Two-step Flow of 284 Coup d’État 350
Communism 284 Covenant 351
Communism, Fall of, and End of History 286 Crime Policy 352
Communitarianism 287 Crisis Rhetoric 353
Community 288 Critical Juncture 355
Community Power 290 Critical Race Theory 356
Compulsory Voting 291 Critical Realignment Theory 357
Computational Modeling 291 Critical Theory 358
Comte, Auguste 292 Croce, Benedetto 361
Concept Analysis 293 Crosland, Charles Anthony Raven 362
Concordat 293 Crossman, Richard 363
Condorcet, Marquis de 293 Cryptography 364
Confessional Parties 294 Cube Law 364
Conflict Resolution 295 Cue Taking 365
Confucian Political Thought 296 Cult of Personality 365
Congress, Contempt of 298 Cultural Policy 365
Conseil d’État 299 Cultural Relations 367