The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars 5 volumes : The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts

2269 Pages·2010·62.54 MB·English

by  Spencer C. Tucker

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The encyclopedia of
Middle easT Wars
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The encyclopedia of
Middle easT Wars
The United States in the Persian Gulf,
Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
V O L U M E I : A – D
Spencer C. Tucker
Editor
Priscilla Mary Roberts
Editor, Documents Volume
Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.
Associate Editor
Colonel Jerry D. Morelock, USAR (retired)
Major General David Zabecki, USAR (retired)
Dr. Sherifa Zuhur
Assistant Editors
foreword by
General Anthony C. Zinni, USMC (retired)
Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, E ngland
Copyright © 2010 by ABC- CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The encyclopedia of Middle East wars : the United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq conflicts / Spencer C. Tucker, editor ;
Priscilla Mary Roberts, editor, documents volume.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-85109-947-4 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-85109-948-1 (ebook)
1. Middle East—History, Military—20th century—Encyclopedias. 2. Middle East—History, Military—21st century—Encyclopedias.
3. Middle East—Military relations—United States—Encyclopedias. 4. United States—Military relations—Middle
East—Encyclopedias. 5. Persian Gulf War, 1991—Encyclopedias. 6. Afghan War, 2001—Encyclopedias. 7. Iraq War, 2003—
Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Roberts, Priscilla Mary.
DS63.1.E453 2010
355.00956'03—dc22
2010033812
13 12 11 10 9 1 2 3 4 5
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Santa Barbara, California 93116– 1911
This book is printed on acid- free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dedicated to the brave U.S. military personnel who have given
their lives in conflicts in the Middle East, which they
and most Americans have so little understood.
About the Editors
spencer c. Tucker, PhD, graduated from the Virginia Military Institute and was a Fulbright scholar in
France. He was a U.S. Army captain and intelligence analyst in the Pentagon during the Vietnam War,
then taught for 30 years at Texas Christian University before returning to his alma mater for 6 years as
the holder of the John Biggs Chair of Military History. He retired from teaching in 2003. He is now Senior
Fellow of Military History at ABC-CLIO. Dr. Tucker has written or edited 36 books, including ABC-CLIO’s
award-winning The Encyclopedia of the Cold War and The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict as well
as the comprehensive A Global Chronology of Conflict.
priscilla Mary roberts received her PhD from Cambridge University and is an associate professor of
history and an honorary director of the Centre of American Studies at the University of Hong Kong. Dr.
Roberts has received numerous research awards and was the documents editor of The Encyclopedia of
the Cold War and The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, published by ABC-CLIO. She spent 2003
as a visiting Fulbright scholar at the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies at the George
Washington University in Washington, D.C.
E a B M
ditorial dvisory oard EMBErs
Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russell Rodgers
Professor of History FORSCOM Staff Historian
U.S. Army Command & General Staff College
Captain Carl Schuster (retired)
Walter W. Boyne U.S. Navy
Independent Scholar Hawaii Pacific University
Dr. Lisa Marie Mundey Cartographer
St. Thomas University International Mapping Associates
aBC-Clio M H
ilitary istory
a B M
dvisory oard EMBErs
Dr. David Coffey Dr. Carol Reardon
Associate Professor and Chair Professor of Military History
Department of History and Philosophy Department of History
University of Tennessee at Martin Pennsylvania State University
Dr. Don Hickey Dr. Priscilla Roberts
Professor of History Associate Professor of History,
Department of History School of Humanities
Wayne State College (Nebraska) Honorary Director,
Centre of American Studies
University of Hong Kong
Dr. James Matray
Professor and Chair of History
Department of History Dr. James H. Willbanks
California State University, Chico General of the Armies George C. Marshall
Chair of Military History
Director, Department of Military History
Dr. Jack McCallum U.S. Army Command and General Staff
Adjunct Professor College,
Department of History and Geography Fort Leavenworth
Texas Christian University
Dr. Steven E. Woodworth
Dr. Justin D. Murphy Professor of History
Director, Academy of Freedom Department of History
Brand Professor of History Texas Christian University
Department of History, Political Science,
and Geography
Howard Payne University Dr. David T. Zabecki
Major General
Army of the United States, Retired
Dr. Jim Piecuch
Assistant Professor of History
Department of History
Kennesaw State University