The Encyclopedia of how it's built

192 Pages·1979·37.941 MB·English

by  Donald Clarke

vt
TheEncyclopedia of
HawVSsBaiA
edited byDonaldClarke
TheEncyclopediaof
Howlfs
Built
editedbyDonaldClaifce
Full-colorphotographs
andtwo-color
diagramsthroughout
Next time you repair the engine of your
car or walk across a bridge, you won't be
awed by the complexity of the design and
structure that greetsyou with everyturn—of
the screw and each footstep you take if
you've read The Encyclopedia o/HowIt's
Built
This fascinating and comprehensive
book explains the construction of every-
thing from cars and cathedrals, to bridges
and boats^ Plus, it's highlighted by color
photographs and instructive diagrams that
illustratewhatthetextsodeftlyexplains.
This informahon-packed volume dis-
cusses:
• BRIDGES—Once they were simply
stones or trees stretched across a narrow
stream, today bridges are suspended by
cables, spanningwiderivers
• BOATS—Did you know that there are
concrete ones that are both cheap and
durable
• RUBBISH—Everything you'd want to
know aboutit, from how it's disposedof, to
how we handle the pollution that often ac-
companiesit
• ARCHITECTURE—Facts on all types
of buUding structures from a 12th-century
Romanesque cathedralanda 14th-century
Chinese pagoda, to modern steel-ond
glassskyscrapers
ANDMUCH, MUCHMORE
•
Written for the novice as well as the ex-
pert. The Encyclopedia o/ How It's Built
will acquaint readerswith methodsof pro-
duction as weU as all the tools and mate-
rials necessary Whether it's building the
world'smostfamouscathedralordemolish-
ing a dilapidated building, now you can
learn how it'salldone
(continuedon hackflap)

Digitized by the Internet Archive
2010
in
http://www.archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhoOOclar
The Encvclopedio
mmMoff
QDOOU
ThomasTelforddesignedihclowersofConwayBridgeto
matchthenearbycastle,builtaround1284. Thesewrought
ironchainsarehisoriginals,installedin1826.
The Gncvclopedia of
mmm
Edited by Donald [lorke
A&W
Publishers,Inc.
New
York
AiusiAmericanhousesarebwlrofframe-timber. This
historicexample,inCambridge,Massachusetts,wasthe
headquartersofGeneralWashingtonfrom1775to1776and
laterthehomeofthepoetLongfellow.Itshowsthetypical
horizontalweatherboardstyle.
Copyright© 1979ByMarshallCavendishLimited ThisbookmaynotbesoldoutsideoftheUnited.
StatesofAmericaanditsterritories,Canadaand
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybe thePhilippineRepublic.
reproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means,electronicormechanical,including
photocopying,recording,oranyinformation LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber;
storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin 79-51558
writingfromthePublisher.
F1i9r7s9tbpyubAli&sheWdiPnubtlhieshUenrist,edIncS.tatesofAmericain ISBN:0-89479-047-1
95MadisonAvenue
NewYork,NewYork 10016
ByarrangementwithMarshallCavendish Limited Printed in CTfciit Britain
Introduction
livcrything vvc sec in our industrial society is designed and built by
otherpeoplebeforewegetachancetouseit. Cups,buildings,meadows,
even food are preceded to some extent by models, drawings or other-
wise clear intentions.
For example, the so-called 'wilderness areas' of the United States
exist by design, and quite precise maps ofthe way they must be kept
areon file. The reason for this ispartly that a few unspoiled acres will
promotegreaterefficiencyby refreshing the work force—or, sincevery
few people actually go there, by providing refreshing images. Even
politicians,totheextentthat they are socialoreconomicplanners, may
be considered designersand builders—hence phrases like 'architect of
foreign policy'.
Allthisdesigningandbuildingisabit frightening,whenwe consider
thatotherpeoplearemakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindsoftools,houses,
ornaments and even recreation we have available to us. But there are
two ways in which we can salvage our self-respect as consumers:
ifwewantto,wecanrepairourowncars,paintour ownwallsand bake
ourown bread. And weparticipate in the design process everytime we
buvsomething,forwhenwechooseasetofdishesorapairoftrousers,
we are not choosing all the others. In our market orientated economy,
C(.)nsumers still have a way o'i developing a wariness that will put a
designer out ofwork or a builder out ofbusiness if he doesn't do his
job well enough.
This series ofbooks, Hoiv It Works, Hozv It's Made and now Hmv
It'sBuilt, hasbeen dedicated to the proposition that we will get more
satisfaction and value formoney to theextent that we are aware ofthe
forces behind our choices as consumers. Hoiv It's Built will tell you
why your neighbourhood looks the way it does, and even gives you a
historyofthedesigningand building which led to the world in which
we li\e today.
letescopealignmenisights
3
telescopeclamp
alereadingeyepiece
fiicalslowmotionscrew
horzonialanglescale"" \ %
Atypicalsurveyor'stheodolite. Thescalesarereadthroughaneyepiecepositionednext
tothemaintelescopeeyepiece. Theverticalandhorizontalanglescales^whicharemade
ofglass,areilluminatedbydaylightdirectedthroughthewindozvontheleftbymeansof
amirror(notshown). Thelightissplitintotwobeamswhichareconductedtothescales
andthenintothetelescopeheadbyasystemoflensesandprisms.