The Encyclopedia of Aging

1341 Pages·4·11.652 MB·English

by  Richard Schulz

THE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF AGING:
A Comprehensive
Resource in Gerontology
and Geriatrics
Fourth Edition
RICHARD SCHULZ, PhD
Editor
Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
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T
HE
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
A
OF
GING
A Comprehensive Resource in Gerontology and Geriatrics
Fourth Edition
RICHARD SCHULZ,PhD
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Linda S. Noelker, PhD
Kenneth Rockwood, MD, FRCPC
Richard L. Sprott, PhD
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
NEW YORK
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T
HE
E
NCYCLOPEDIA
A
OF GING
A Comprehensive Resource in Gerontology and Geriatrics
Fourth Edition
i
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Theencyclopediaofaging:acomprehensiveresourceingerontologyandgeriatrics/RichardSchulz,editor-in-chief.—4thed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0–8261–4843–3(set)
1.Gerontology—Encyclopedias. 2.Aged—Encyclopedias. I.Schulz,Richard. II.Title.
HQ1061.E532001
305.26(cid:2)03—dc21
00-049663
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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyBangPrinting.
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CONTENTS
TheEditors vii
ForewordtotheFourthEdition ix
Contributors xi
ListofEntries xxvii
VOLUMEIEntriesA–K 1
SubjectIndex I-1
ContributorIndex I-61
VOLUMEIIEntriesL–Z 633
SubjectIndex I-1
ContributorIndex I-61
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THE EDITORS
Richard Schulz, PhD, is Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology, Epidemiology, Sociology, and Health and
RehabilitationSciences,andDirectoroftheUniversityCenterforSocialandUrbanResearchattheUniversity
ofPittsburgh.HeisalsoAssociateDirectoroftheInstituteonAgingattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Hereceived
hisABinPsychologyfromDartmouthCollegeandhisPhDinSocialPsychologyfromDukeUniversity.Heis
therecipientofseveralhonors,includingtheKleemeierAwardforResearchonAgingfromtheGerontological
Society of America and the Developmental Health Award for Research on Health in Later Life from the
AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.HealsoservedasEditoroftheJournalofGerontology:Psychological
Sciences.Hehasspenthisentirecareerdoingresearchandwritingonadultdevelopmentandaging.Funded
bynumerousNIHinstitutesformorethantwodecades,hisresearchhasfocusedonthesocial-psychological
aspectsofaging,includingtheroleofcontrolasaconstructforcharacterizinglife-coursedevelopmentand
the impact of disabling late life disease on patients and their families. This body of work is reflected in
publications, which have appeared in major medical (JAMA, NEJM), psychology (Psychological Review,
Psychological Bulletin, JPSP), and aging (Journal of Gerontology, Psychology and Aging, JAGS, AJGS)
journals.
LindaS.Noelker,PhD,joinedBenjaminRosein1974asanappliedagingresearcherandiscurrentlythe
SeniorVicePresidentforPlanningandOrganizationalResources.Inthatcapacity,sheoverseestheResearch
InstituteandtheInstitutionalAdvancementandtheAdvocacyandPublicPolicyDepartments.Shereceived
herMAandPhDfromCaseWesternReserve,wheresheisanAdjunctProfessorofSociology.Shealsois
theEditor-in-ChiefofTheGerontologist,theleadingjournalinappliedagingresearch,practice,andpolicy.
Dr.NoelkerholdsleadershippositionsintheAmericanSocietyonAgingandtheGerontologicalSocietyof
Americaandrecentlyreceivedthe2005AmericanSocietyonAgingAwardforexemplarycontributionsto
thefieldofaging.Throughouthercareer,shehasconductedresearchonthenatureandeffectsoffamilycare
for frail aged, patterns of service use by older adults and their family caregivers, and sources of stress and
jobsatisfactionamongthedirectcareworkforce.Shehaspublishedwidelyonthesupportnetworksofolder
adults,qualityoflife,thewell-beingoffamilycaregivers,predictorsofserviceuse,andthenatureofsocial
relationshipsinnursinghomes.
KennethRockwood,MD,FRCPC,ProfessorofMedicine(GeriatricMedicine&Neurology)andKathryn
AllenWeldonProfessorofAlzheimerDiseaseResearch,istheDirectoroftheGeriatricMedicineResearch
UnitatDalhousieUniversity.HeisaCanadianInstituteofHealthResearch(CIHR)Investigatorandamember
oftheCIHRInstituteofAgingAdvisoryBoard.Hehasalong-standinginterestindelirium,dementia,and
frailty.
ProfessorRockwoodisauthorofmorethan200peer-reviewedscientificpublications,andfivebooks.He
isastaffphysicianintheDepartmentofMedicineattheQueenElizabethIIHealthSciencesCentre,Halifax,
NovaScotia,Canada
Currently,heistheprincipalinvestigatorintheVideoImagingSynthesisofTreatingAlzheimer’sdisease
(VISTA) study, an investigator-initiated national, multicenter project to identify and track novel treatment
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viii TheEditors
effectsinpatientswithmildtomoderateAlzheimer’sdiseasewhoaretreatedwithgalantamine,anantidementia
medication.
KennethRockwoodisanativeofNewfoundlandandbecameaDoctorofMedicineatMemorialUniversity
in1985.HeismarriedtoaninternationallyrecognizedscientistintheFacultyofMedicine—SusanHowlett,
ProfessorofPharmacology,andtogethertheyhavetwoteenagesons,MichaelandJames.
Richard L. Sprott, PhD, Executive Director of the Ellison Medical Foundation, began his undergraduate
studies at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He completed them at the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, earning a BA with honors in Psychology. After receiving his PhD in
ExperimentalPsychology(BehaviorGenetics)attheUniversityofNorthCarolina,hewentontoapostdoctoral
fellowship in Behavior Genetics at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Following two years of
teachingatOaklandUniversity,Dr.SprottreturnedtotheJacksonLaboratorywhereheconductedaresearch
programonsinglegeneinfluencesonbehaviorandtheinteractionofagingvariableswiththosegenes.
AfteradecadeinMaine,Dr.SprottmovedtotheNationalInstituteonAgingwherehedirectedtheInstitute’s
programsontheBiologyofAging.Amajorfocusofhiscareerhasbeenthedevelopmentofanimalmodelsfor
agingresearch.Hedevelopedanationwideresearchprogramonbiomarkersofagingandtheeffectsofdietary
restriction on longevity. He is the author of a large number of books and articles. He is an internationally
recognizedexpertonanimalmodeldevelopmentandplaysanactiveroleinmodeldevelopmentincountries
aroundtheworld.HeisthePastPresidentoftheInternationalBiogerontologicalResourceInstitute(IBRI)in
Friuli,Italy.
Dr.SprottlefttheNationalInstituteonAgingin1998tobecomethefirstExecutiveDirectoroftheEllison
Medical Foundation, created to support basic biological and biomedical research on aging and recently
expandedtoprovidesimilarsupportforbasicresearchoninfectiousdiseasesofimportanceinthedeveloped
anddevelopingworlds.TheEllisonMedicalFoundationisthelargestprivatefoundationsourceoffunding
forresearchonthebiologyofaging,providingabout$28,000,000peryearingrantfundsforagingresearch,
and$12,000,000forinfectiousdiseaseresearch.
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FOREWORD
TO THE FOURTH EDITION
TheFourthEditionoftheEncyclopediaofAgingmarksthe20thanniversaryofwhathasbecometheauthor-
itative,comprehensive,andmultidisciplinaryintroductiontogerontologyandgeriatrics.Originallyproposed
byUrsulaSpringer,PhD,andeditedbyGeorgeL.Maddox,PhD,theEncyclopediaservesasthegatewayto
theworldofagingandtheaged.ThevisionandhardworkofthesepioneershaveestablishedtheEncyclo-
pedia as a leading resource in the field. With the Fourth Edition of the Encyclopedia, we hope to continue
thistraditionbyprovidingthemostup-to-dateandcomprehensiveintroductiontogerontologyandgeriatrics
currentlyavailable.
Knowledgeaboutadultdevelopmentandagingisadvancingatanincrediblyrapidpace.Thisisparticularly
trueinthemedical,biological,andsocialsciences,wherenewinformationbecomesavailablealmostdaily.
Keepingabreastofnewdevelopmentsinmultipledisciplinesrequiresexpertisethatfarexceedsthecapabilities
ofanyoneindividual.Thus,theteamofassociateeditorsassembledforthisprojectrepresentscuttingedge
expertiseinbiology(RichardSprott),medicineandhealth(KenRockwood),andsociology(LindaNoelker).
Advancesinpsychologicalaspectsofagingwerecoveredbytheeditor-in-chief.Togetherwecommissioned,
reviewed,andeditedwellmorethan400entries,andwhilepreviouseditionsoftheEncyclopediaprovideda
firmfoundationforthisone,almosteveryentryhasbeenupdatedandmanynewoneshavebeenadded.As
withpreviouseditions,ourgoalhasbeentoexplaincomplexissuesinplainEnglishthatcanbeunderstood
byeducatedlaypersons.
ThestructureoftheEncyclopediaremainsthesame.Acomprehensiveindexisprovidedinbothvolumes,
andextensivecross-referencingwithinthetextprovidesreaderswithlinksamongentries,enablingacompre-
hensive,in-depthviewoftopics.SheriW.Sussman,theveteranManagingEditorofpreviouseditionsofthe
Encyclopedia,andherassistant,AlanaStein,providedthelogisticsupport,guidance,andencouragementto
keepthisprojectontrack.MyableassistantattheUniversityofPittsburgh,AnnaAivaliotis,steppedinwhen
neededtosolveemergingproblemsandmoreimportantlykeepmeontrackthroughoutthisproject.
Of course, the most essential ingredients to the success of this volume are the several hundred authors
whocontributedtheirexpertisetowritetheentriesforthisedition.Thequalityoftheirworkisoutstanding.
Withoutthem,thisEncyclopediawouldnotbepossible.
RichardSchulz,PhD
Editor-in-Chief
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