The Emergence of the Arab Movements

416 Pages·1993·7.174 MB·English

by  Eliezer Tauber

The Emergence
of the Arab Movements
Eliezer Tauber
Bar-llan University
FRANK CASS: LONDON
First published 1993 in Great Britain by
FRANK CASS AND CO. LTD
Gainsborough House, 11 Gainsborough Road,
London Ell 1RS, England
and in the United States of America by
FRANK CASS
do International Specialized Book Services, Inc.,
5804 N.E. Hassalo Street,
Portland, Oregon 97213-3644
Copyright © 1993 Eliezer Tauber
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Tauber, Eliezer
Emergence of the Arab Movements
I. Title
909.82
ISBN 0-7146-3440-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tauber, Eliezer,
The emergence of the Arab movements / Eliezer Tauber,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7146-3440-9 (hardback)
ISBN 0-7146-4084-0 (paperback)
1. Nationalism—Arab countries—History. 2. Arab countries—
Politics and government. I. Title.
DS63.6.T39 1993
320.5'4'09174927—dc20 92-8131
CIP
ISBN 0 7146 3440 9
ISBN 0 7146 4084 0 (paperback)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Frank Cass
and Company Limited.
Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London
Printed by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd.
4
Published in cooperation with
The Harry S. Truman Research Institute
for the Advancement of Peace
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The Harry S. Trum an Research Institute for the Advancement
of Peace, established in 1966, conducts major research on the
growth, and political and social development of the non-Western
world, with particular emphasis on the Middle East. Its Middle
East unit studies Israel and the territories, Turkey and Iran,
and the Arab countries of the Middle East in the modern and
contemporary period, with reference to problems relating to
peace prospects in the area.

Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
PART I: Beginnings
1. Butrus al-Bustani 7
2. The Independence Movement in Syria 10
3. The Secret Society of Beirut 15
4. Al-Afghani and ‘Abduh 22
5. ‘Abd al-Rahm an al-Kawakibi 25
6. Najib ‘Azuri and the Ligue de la Patrie Arabe 33
7. The Society of the Arab Revival 43
8. The Society of the Ottoman Council 51
9. The Young Turk Revolution 54
PART II: The Arab Societies 1908-14
10. The Arab-Ottoman Brotherhood 61
11. The Syrian Central Society 66
12. The Lebanese Revival 70
13. Al-Fatat 90
14. Al-Qahtaniyya 98
15. The Literary Club 101
16. The Society of the Arab Association 109
17. The Green Flag and the Black Hand 118
18. The Decentralization Party 121
19. The Reform Society of Beirut 135
20. The Reform Society of Basra 152
21. The National Scientific Club 172
22. The Paris Congress 178
23. The Paris Agreement and its Consequences 198
24. Al-‘Ahd 213
25. The Arab Revolutionary Society 237
PART III: The Arab Societies: An Analysis
26. Ideology 245
27. Attitudes towards the European States 268
28. The Size of the Societies 287
29. Composition 290
30. The Influence of the Societies 303
31. Methods of Action 311
32. Connections between the Societies 320
33. The Image of the Leadership 324
Conclusion and Epilogue 331
Notes 335
Bibliography 379
Index 391
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Truman Institute of
the Hebrew University, which has rendered me financial help
both at the research stage preceding this book and during its
translation into English. Additional financial help was rendered
to me by the Faculty of Jewish Studies at Bar-Ilan University
and my sincere thanks for it are hereby acknowledged. Naomi
Goldblum of the Hebrew University translated this book from
the original Hebrew.
The Syrian Central Society, dealt with in chapter 11, was first
discussed in the introductory part of “Four Syrian Manifestos
after the Young Turk Revolution”, Turcica, 19 (1987),
pp. 195-213. An enlarged version of chapter 16, dealing with
Rashid Rida, was published as “Rashid Rida as Pan-Arabist
before World War I”, The Muslim World, 79 (1989), pp. 102-112.
An earlier version of chapter 20, dealing with Sayyid Talib,
appeared as “Sayyid Talib and the Young Turks in Basra”, Mid­
dle Eastern Studies, 25 (1989), pp.3-22.
A final note of appreciation goes to my mother, whose devo­
tion has long been a source of strength to me.
Eliezer Tauber
Tishrey 5751
Bar-Ilan, Israel

Abbreviations
A.A. = Awswärtiges Amt
AB = Arab Bulletin
AN = Archives Nationales
BD = British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914
Cd’O = Correspondance d’Orient
C-in-C = Commander-in-Chief
CPC = Correspondance Politique des Consuls
CUP = Committee of Union and Progress
CZA = Central Zionist Archives
d = despatch
FO = Foreign Office
FSI = Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and
Political Department
GFM = German Foreign Ministry
Guerre = Guerre 1914-1918
IJMES = International Journal of Middle East Studies
IO = India Office
ISA = Israel State Archives
JB = Journal de Beyrouth
1 = letter
L/P&S = India Office, Political and Secret Departmental
Records
MAE = Ministère des Affaires Etrangères
memo = memorandum
MEJ = Middle East Journal
MES = Middle Eastern Studies
MG = Ministère de la Guerre
MW = Muslim World
NS = Nouvelle Série
PRO = Public Record Office
r = report
RMM = Revue du Monde Musulman
SSI = Secretary of State for India
Syrie-Liban = Levant 1918-1929, Syrie-Liban-Cilicie
t = telegram
WO = War Office