The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition (Electrical Engineering Handbook)

2560 Pages·2005·26.98 MB·English

by  Jerry C. Whitaker

The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series
The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino
The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson
The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija
The Control Handbook, William S. Levine
The CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. Dorf
The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas Williams
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L. Grigsby
The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker
The Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas
The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, William A. Goddard, III,
Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate
The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and
Hussein T. Mouftah
The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin
The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster
The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu
The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H. Bishop
The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D. Gibson
The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio
The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas
The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
Forthcoming Titles
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C. Whitaker
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
THE
E L E C T RO N I C S
H A N D B O O K
SECOND EDITION
Editor-in-Chief
JERRY C. WHITAKER
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
Publishedin2005by
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©2005byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Theelectronicshandbook/editedbyJerryC.Whitaker.—2nded.
p. cm.—(Electricalengineeringhandbookseries;v.34)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 0-8493-1889-0 (alk.paper)
1. Electroniccircuits–Handbooks,manuals,etc.I. Whitaker,JerryC.II. Series.
TK7867.E42442005
621.381—dc22 2004057106
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
Dedication
ForMarkRicher
withthanksfortheopportunitytocontributetoATSC
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
Preface
ThefirsteditionofTheElectronicsHandbookwaspublishedin1996.Betweenthenandnow,tremendous
changeshaveoccurredinelectronicsengineering.Duringthissameperiod,thevalueofTheElectronics
Handbookhasbeenrecognizedbythousandsofreadersallovertheworld,forwhichtheeditorandauthors
areverygrateful.
Thenumerouschangesintechnologyoverthepastfewyearshaveledtothepublicationofasecond
editionofTheElectronicsHandbook.Thisneweditionbuildsuponthesolidfoundationoffundamental
theoryandpracticalapplicationsoftheoriginalwork.Allchaptershavebeenreviewedandupdatedas
needed,andmanynewchaptershavebeenaddedtoexplainnewdevelopmentsinelectronicsengineering.
TheElectronicsHandbookisintendedforengineersandtechniciansinvolvedinthedesign,production,
installation,operation,andmaintenanceofelectronicdevicesandsystems.Thispublicationcoversabroad
range of technologies with emphasis on practical applications. In general, the level of detail provided
is limited to that necessary to design electronic systems based on the interconnection of operational
elementsanddevices.Referencesareprovidedthroughoutthehandbooktodirectreaderstomoredetailed
informationonimportantsubjects.
ThepurposeofTheElectronicsHandbookistoprovideinasinglevolumeacomprehensivereference
forthepracticingengineerinindustry,government,andacademia.Thebookisdividedinto23chapters
thatencompassthefieldofelectronics.Thegoalistoprovidethemostup-to-datereferenceonsubjects
rangingfromclassicaldevicesandcircuitstoemergingtechnologiesandapplications.
Thefundamentalsofelectronicshaveevolvedtoincludeawiderangeofknowledge,empiricaldata,
andabroadrangeofpractice.Thefocusofthishandbookisonthekeyconcepts,models,andequations
thatenabletheengineertoanalyze,design,andpredictthebehaviorofcomplexelectricaldevices,circuits,
instruments,andsystems.Thereaderwillfindthekeyconceptsofeachsubjectdefined,described,and
illustrated;whereappropriate,practicalapplicationsaregivenaswell.
Thelevelofconceptualdevelopmentofeachtopicischallenging,buttutorialandrelativelyfundamental.
Eachchapteriswrittentoenlightentheexpert,refreshtheknowledgeoftheexperiencedengineer,and
educatethenovice.
The information contained in this work is organized into 23 chapters, building a foundation from
theorytomaterialstocomponentstocircuitstoapplications.TheHandbookconcludeswithimportant
chaptersonreliability,safety,andengineeringmanagement.
AttheconclusionofmostchaptersoftheHandbookarethreeimportantentriesofparticularinterest
toreaders:
(cid:1)
DefiningTerms,whichidentifieskeytermsapplicabletothefieldandtheirmostcommondefinitions
(cid:1)
References,whichliststhepapersandotherresourcesusedinthedevelopmentofthechapter
(cid:1)
FurtherInformation,whichdirectsthereadertoadditionalsourcesofin-depthinformationonthe
subjectmatter
Thesefeatures,atrademarkoftheCRCPressElectricalEngineeringHandbookSeries,areavaluable
aidtobothexperiencedandnoviceengineers.
vii
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
In a publication as large as this, locating the information desired in a rapid manner is important.
Numerousaidsareprovidedinthisregard.Acompletetableofcontentsisgivenatthebeginningofthe
book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of the 23 chapters. A comprehensive
subjectindexisalsoprovided.
The Electronics Handbook is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and to direct the reader
to further sources and references as needed. It is our hope that this publication will continue to serve
you—thereader—withimportant,usefulinformationforyearstocome.
JerryC.Whitaker
Editor-in-Chief
viii
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
Editor-in-Chief
Jerry C. Whitaker is Vice President of Standards Development at the Advanced Television Systems
Committee(ATSC).WhitakersupportstheworkofthevariousATSCtechnologyandimplementation
committeesandassistsinthedevelopmentofATSCstandards,recommendedpractices,andrelateddoc-
uments.TheATSCisaninternational,nonprofitorganizationdevelopingvoluntarystandardsfordigital
television.
WhitakerisaFellowoftheSocietyofBroadcastEngineersandaFellowoftheSocietyofMotionPicture
andTelevisionEngineers.Heisalsotheauthorandeditorofmorethan30booksontechnicaltopics.His
currentCRCtitlesinclude:
(cid:1)
TheRFTransmissionSystemsHandbook
(cid:1)
TheElectronicSystemsMaintainingHandbook
(cid:1)
ACPowerSystemsHandbook,2ndedition
(cid:1)
ThePowerVacuumTubesHandbook
WhitakeristheformereditorialdirectorandassociatepublisherofBroadcastEngineeringandVideo
Systemsmagazines.
ix
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
Contributors
SamuelO.Agbo TerrenceM.Baun IulianaBordelon
CaliforniaPolytechnicState CriterionBroadcastServices CALCEElectronicPackaging
University Milwaukee,Wisconsin ResearchCenter
SanLuisObispo,California UniversityofMaryland
CollegePark,Maryland
MelvinL.Belcher,Jr.
OktayAlkin
RadarSystemsAnalysis
SchoolofEngineering JeromeR.Breitenbach
GeorgiaTechResearchInstitute
SouthernIllinoisUniversity DepartmentofElectrical
Symrna,Georgia
Edwardsville,Illinois Engineering
CaliforniaPolytechnicState
BrentAllen CarlBentz
University
BellNorthernResearch IntertecPublishing
SanLuisObispo,California
Ottawa,Canada OverlandPark,Kansas
JohnR.Brews
WilliamF.Ames
DavidF.Besch UniversityofArizona
SchoolofMathematics
UniversityofthePacific Tucson,Arizona
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
Stockton,California
Atlanta,Georgia
IsidorBuchmann
ConstantineN. AshokaK.S.Bhat CadexElectronics,Inc.
Anagnostopoulos DepartmentofElectricaland Richmond,Canada
MicroelectronicsTechnical ComputerEngineering
Division UniversityofVictoria StuartK.Burgess
EastmanKodakCompany Victoria,Canada UniversityofSouthern
Rochester,NewYork California
LosAngeles,California
GlennR.Blackwell
PeterAronhime
DepartmentofElectricaland
DepartmentofElectricaland GeorgeCain
ComputerEngineering
ComputerEngineering SchoolofMathematics
Technology
UniversityofLouisville GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
PurdueUniversity
Louisville,Kentucky Atlanta,Georgia
WestLafayette,Indiana
PraveenAsthana PauloCardieri
IBMCorporation BruceW.Bomar UniversityofCampinas
SanJose,California DepartmentofElectricaland Sa˜oPaulo,Brazil
ComputerEngineering
FredBaumgartner UniversityofTennesseeSpace CliffordG.Carter
TCITechnologyVentures Institute NavalUnderseaWarfareCenter
Denver,Colorado Tullahoma,Tennessee Newport,RhodeIsland
xi
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group
JonathonA.Chambers CharlesH.Cox,III EzzI.El-Masry
CardiffSchoolofEngineering ResearchLaboratoryof DepartmentofElectrical
CardiffUniversity Electronics Engineering
Wales,UnitedKingdom MassachusettsInstituteof TechnicalInstituteofNova
Technology Scotia
CurtisJ.Chan Cambridge,Massachusetts Halifax,Canada
ChanandAssociates
GillesA.Daigle YarivEphraim
Fullerton,California
InstituteforMicrostructural DepartmentofElectricaland
Sciences ComputerEngineering
KenA.Chauvin
Ottawa,Canada GeorgeMasonUniversity
CorningCableSystems
Fairfax,Virginia
Hickory,NorthCarolina
EdwardJ.Delp,III
ECEDepartment
SteveEpstein
TomChen PurdueUniversity
VideoSystemsMagazine
DepartmentofElectrical WestLafayette,Indiana
OverlandPark,Kansas
Engineering
ColoradoStateUniversity KennethR.Demarest
EugeneD.Fabricius
FortCollins,Colorado UniversityofKansas
EL/EEDepartment
Lawrence,Kansas
CaliforniaPolytechnicState
JohnChoma,Jr.
University
GeneDeSantis
UniversityofSouthern
SanLuisObispo,California
DeSantisAssociates
California
NewMilford,NewJersey
SanDimas,California
AnthonyJ.Ferraro
WilliamE.DeWitt DepartmentofElectrical
BadrulH.Chowdhury SchoolofTechnology Engineering
DepartmentofElectrical PurdueUniversity PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
Engineering WestLafayette,Indiana UniversityPark,Pennsylvania
UniversityofWyoming
Laramie,Wyoming DanielF.DiFonzo CliffordD.Ferris
PlanarCommunications UniversityofWyoming
MichaelD.Ciletti Corporation Laramie,Wyoming
UniversityofColorado Rockville,Maryland
ColoradoSprings,Colorado RobertJ.Feugate,Jr.
DennisF.Doelitzsch CollegeofEngineeringand
AlmonH.Clegg 3-DCommunications Technology
CCi Corporation UniversityofArizona
Cumming,Georgia Marion,Illinois Flagstaff,Arizona
GeorgeI.Cohn BarryG.Douglass IgorM.Filanovsky
CaliforniaStateUniversity DepartmentofElectrical DepartmentofElectricaland
Flintridge,California Engineering ComputerEngineering
TexasA&MUniversity UniversityofAlberta
JamesG.Cottle CollegeStation,Texas Edmonton,Canada
Hewlett-Packard
SanFrancisco,California ThomasF.Edgar PaulD.Franzon
DepartmentofChemical DepartmentofElectricaland
LeonW.Couch,II Engineering ComputerEngineering
UniversityofFlorida UniversityofTexas NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
Gainesville,Florida Austin,Texas Raleigh,NorthCarolina
xii
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group