The electrodeposition of tin and lead-tin based alloys

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The electrodeposition of tin
and lead-tin based alloys
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• A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University.
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Publisher: (cid:13)c M.A.F. Samel
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THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF TIN AND LEAD-TIN BASED ALLOYS
by
M.A.F. SAMEL, BSc (Aleppo), MSc (Loughborough)
This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
of the
Loughborough Un iyers ity of Technology
December 1984
Supervisor
Or D.R. Gabe
Department of Materials Engineering and Design
by M.A.F. Samel, 1984
©

DEDICATION
In memory of my father and mother.
To my wife Basima and children.
. SYNOPSIS
A summary of the conditions for alloy electrodeposition
follows a brief introductton which includes the history and the
scope of the tin and lead-tin alloy coating industry. The roles
of the different variables in the electrodeposition of alloys have
been briefly described. A detailed review of the different types
of solutions which have been used in tin and lead-tin based alloy
electroplatin9 introduces the main industrial applications of such
alloys.
A detailed study, including the investigation of many methods
of preparing a tin sulphamate solution for tin-plating, has been
carried out. The optimum conditions for such a solution have been
defined following detailed experiments concerning the effect of the
different parameters (polarization, current density, additives, etc).
Some additives have been studied in detail to secure stability for
the solution.
A sulphamate electrolyte for lead-tin alloy plating has been·
proposed as a combination of the already developed tin solution and
a lead sulphamate solution developed previously (see MSc dissertation,
1981). This solution has been used to electrodeposit four types of
alloys of composition 90, 80, 70 and 40% lead (remainder tin). The
effects· of the more important parameters for the alloy solutions have
been investigated to achieve the optimum condition for alloy electro
deposition.
i
As an application of the alloy of composition 90% lead
(remainder tin). a set of bearings of a motor car engine has
been plated for the purpose of examining the suitability of the
alloy for such applications. Preliminary indications are of
general acceptance.
ii
· . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank mY supervisor. Dr D R Gabe. for guidance
and patient nelp. and Professor I A Henzies for tne provision of the
research facilities.
My thanks are also due to Dr D R Eastham of Glacier Metal Co.
Ltd. for his help in running some tests in the company laboratories;
Or DRoss for the microprobe work; r1iss A Chapman of the Internatio
nal Tin Research Institute for her help in atomic absorption analysis
and to Miss A Hood for her help in the photographic work.
I would also like to thank my colleagues. especially Dr S
Ghafouri and G D Wilcox for their precious help and advice.
Finally my sincere gratitude goes to my Government for the
financial support during this project.
iii