The Effects of Selected Exercise Modalities on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Responses in the ...

151 Pages·2015·0.7 MB·English

by  Kimberlee Hoirup Bethany

Florida State University Libraries
Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School
2005
The Effects of Selected Exercise Modalities
on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression
Responses in the Elderly
Kimberlee Hoirup Bethany
Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]
THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED EXERCISE MODALITIES
ON STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION RESPONSES IN THE ELDERLY

By

KIMBERLEE HOIRUP BETHANY

A Thesis submitted to the
Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Science

Degree Awarded:
Summer Semester, 2005

Copyright © 2005
Kimberlee Hoirup Bethany
All Rights Reserved
The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Kimberlee Hoirup Bethany
defended on June 1, 2005.

David Pargman
Professor Directing Thesis

Gershon Tenenbaum
Committee Member

Donald Kelly
Committee Member

Approved:

Frances Prevatt, Chair, Educational Psychology and Learning Systems

The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee
members.
ii
In loving memory of my grandparents, Adrian and Edna Boyum.
You are the inspiration for my interest and work in this field.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I extend heartfelt thanks and appreciation to my major professor, Dr. David Pargman,
and the members of my committee, Dr. Gershon Tenenbaum and Dr. Donald Kelly.
It has been an honor and a privilege to work with and learn from the three of you.

As well, I express my gratitude to my mom, Sandra Bethany, and to Michael Bonura.
Thank you for providing a support system
and for being my own private “graduate assistants.”
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables ................................................................................................ ix
List of Figures ................................................................................................ x
Abstract ...................................................................................................... xiii

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1

1. Review of Literature....................................................................................... 3

Defining Older Adults................................................................................. 3
Physical Benefits of Exercise...................................................................... 5
Psychological Benefits of Exercise............................................................. 6
Depression and Anxiety........................................................................ 6
Stress Reduction.................................................................................... 7
Self-Concept and Body Image.............................................................. 8
Cognitive Performance......................................................................... 9
Life Satisfaction and General Well-Being............................................ 10
Comparing the Effects of Different Exercise Modalities........................... 11
Introversion-Extraversion and Social Effects in Group Exercise............... 12
Motivational Factors Affecting Exercise in Older Adults.......................... 13
Purpose of the Study................................................................................... 16

v
2. Method ................................................................................................ 17

Participants ................................................................................................ 17
Instrumentation........................................................................................... 18
Medical History.................................................................................... 18
Demographic Questionnaire................................................................. 18
Hassles Scale......................................................................................... 18
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory............................................................... 19
Beck Depression Inventory – II............................................................ 20
Eysenck Personality Inventory............................................................. 20
Exercise Motivations Inventory – 2 ..................................................... 21
Qualitative Interview............................................................................ 22
Task Manipulation...................................................................................... 22
Chair Yoga Program............................................................................. 22
Chair Aerobics Program....................................................................... 23
Walking Program.................................................................................. 23
Game Playing Group............................................................................. 24
Procedure ................................................................................................ 24
Data Analysis.............................................................................................. 26

3. Results ................................................................................................ 28

Preliminary Analysis................................................................................... 28
Equality of Groups at Baseline............................................................. 28
Attendance............................................................................................ 29
Intervention Effects on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression........................... 31
Introversion-Extraversion and Treatment................................................... 38
Motivation to Adhere to the Program......................................................... 41
vi
Participant Perceptions of the Intervention................................................. 45

4. Discussion ................................................................................................ 54

Intervention Effects on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression........................... 54
Causation of Intervention Effects on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression...... 55
Mindfulness in Physical Activity.......................................................... 55
Attendance Differences between Groups.............................................. 57
Limitations of Intervention Effects on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression.... 58
Sample Characteristics.......................................................................... 58
Life Circumstances............................................................................... 60
Acceptance of Older Age...................................................................... 61
Intervention Effects across the Introversion-Extraversion Dichotomy...... 62
Exercise Motivation across the Intervention............................................... 64
Participant Viewpoints on Motivation.................................................. 65
Participant Perceptions of Exercise............................................................ 65
Perceptions of Psychological Benefits.................................................. 65
Social Interaction Effects...................................................................... 67
Environmental Variables...................................................................... 68

Summary and Conclusions......................................................................... 69

APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 71

A Medical History Form........................................................................... 71
B Demographic Information Form .......................................................... 77
C Hassles Scale ........................................................................................ 79
D State-Trait Anxiety Inventory .............................................................. 88
vii
E Beck Depression Inventory – II ........................................................... 90
F Eysenck Personality Inventory ............................................................ 96
G The Exercise Motivations Inventory – 2 ............................................. 101
H Human Subjects Committee Approval................................................. 105
I Explanation and Consent Form............................................................. 107
J Legal Guardian Consent Form ............................................................. 110
K Beck Depression Inventory Referral Protocol...................................... 112
L Figures for Introversion-Extraversion and Treatment.......................... 115
M Figures for Motivation to Adhere to the Program................................ 118

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 124

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. 136

viii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Participant demographics....................................................................... 17

Table 2: Participants reported exercise practices................................................. 18

Table 3: Descriptive statistics within groups for each dependent variable.......... 29

Table 4: The percentage of each group attending each
possible number of total classes............................................................ 30

Table 5: Attendance rates across groups.............................................................. 30

Table 6: Pre and post-intervention statistics for each
dependent variable, in the four groups.................................................. 31

Table 7: ANCOVA results for the four dependent variables............................... 32

Table 8: Pre and post-intervention descriptive statistics across groups,
by the extraversion-introversion dichotomy, for each dependent variable 39

Table 9: Pre and post-intervention descriptive statistics by group for each
motivation variable................................................................ 41

Table 10: ANOVA results for the fourteen motivation variables........................ 43

Table 11: Perception of benefits by group........................................................... 46

Table 12: Perception of physical benefits by group............................................. 48

Table 13: Perception of mental benefits by group............................................... 50

Table 14: Perception of benefit causation by group............................................ 51

Table 15: Complaints by group............................................................................ 53

ix