Table Of ContentTHE EFFECT OF VISIBLE AND
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION ON CULTURED FUNGI
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the Department of Botany
University of Southern California
a|Ka|e3|e3|c^ea#ea|eate3|c4e3|c3|c
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
4c * 4c * * * * 4c 4c * 4c *
by
Samuel Joseph Pusateri
Hay 26, 19?0
UMI Number: DP21715
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This dissertation, written by
L— Lf. .........
under the guidance of h. tF ac ul ty Committee
on Studies, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Council
on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful
fillment of requirements for the degree of
DO CTO R OF P H IL O S O P H Y
Dean
Date
Committee on Studies
■4t-.LV- -X:VL<<}Ac&^
J Chairman
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere thanks are expressed to the many persons who
guided and advised the author during this research problem,
I am indebted to Dr* Geo R. Johnstone for his helpful
assistance in solving many of the problems encountered in
this undertaking* Grateful acknowledgment is also extended
to Dr. Thomas Fuller, Dr. Bartholomew and Dr. Milo D. Appleman
for their comments and suggestions during the preparation of
this manuscript. Further thanks are extended to Dr. John
Backus, of the Department of Physics at the University of
Southern California, and to Morton Roberts, from the Depart
ment of Physics at Occidental College for their advice regard
ing the measurements of radiant energy. Dr. R. B. King, of
the Department of Physics at the California Institute of
Technology contributed much helpful information regarding
light measurements. The author is sincerely grateful to
Marshall Odeen and M. E. Stickney of the National Technical
Laboratories in Pasadena for their advice on technical prob
lems and also for the use of the Beckman quartz Spectropho
tometer. Final appreciation is expressed to Earl De Gowin
who formerly used the visible irradiating equipment, and
offered valuable information regarding the techniques used in
his investigations.
S. J. P.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION — REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . 1
Lethal effects of radiation . . . . . .......... 1
Action of ultraviolet on yeast ................ 3
Action of ultraviolet on molds • • • • • • • • • 5
Stimulation by ultraviolet . • • * • • • • • • • 6
Effect of ultraviolet on fermentation ........ 7
Ultraviolet and pigmentation.................. 8
Ultraviolet and mutations ......... 9
II. THE PROBLEM........................................ 11
III. APPARATUS..........................................12
Fluorescent lamp . . . . . . .................. 12
Carl Zeiss carbon arc ............. 12
Type C carbon ............. 12
Gelatin filters..................................1*+
Quartz filters......... lb
IV. ORGANISMS - STRUCTURAL AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS . 16
Polyporus sulphureus............................ 16
Armillaria meiiea .............................. 17
Agaricus campestris ................. . . . . . 18
Pleurotus ostreatus ................... 19
Penicillium expans urn............. 19
Penicillium digitatum......... 20
Aspergillus oryzae ............... 21
Aspergillus niger ......................... .. 21
Saccharomyces cerevisiae . .................... 22
Rhizopus nigricans • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2
Alternaria solani . . . . . .......... . . . . . 2
Cephalothecium roseum .................... 2?
Neurospora si tophi la .................... 25
Monilia nigra ....................... 26
V. METHOD..............................................28
Preparation of cultures . . . . . .............. 28
Preparation of stock cultures .............. 28
Preparation of media............. 29
Agar slants and Petri plates............. 29
Water blanks ............. 30
Broth cultures ................... |0
Moist chamber cultures ............. 31
Page
VI. PROCEDURE.......................................... 3**
Method of Irradiation............................ 3^
Visible irradiation • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3^
Ultraviolet irradiation • • • • • • • • • • . 36
Method of growth determination . • • • • • • • • 38
Visual comparison . . . ...................... 38
Weighing method . ♦ . . ♦ ........ • • • • • 39
Use of Weston foot-candle meter • • • • • • • 39
Measurement of gas formation (Frost gasometer) h-0
Method of determining radiant energy . . . . . . WO
Carbon Arc Lamp • • • • • .................... **1
Calorimeter ............................ **1
Method of Determining Energy Ratios by means
of the Calorimeter ..................
VII. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION............................ V8
Visible irradiation • • • • • • . . .......... . **8
Ultraviolet irradiation ........................ 58
VIII. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.............................. 70
IX. SUMMARY............................................ 76
X. LITERATURE CITED.................................... 78
XI. SUPPLEMENTRAY DATA.................................. 83
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. Data on the Radiant Energy Transmitted Through
the Visible Spectrum Filters............... **2
II. Data on the Amount of Energy Received by the
Various Organisms During Irradiation with the
Carbon Arc .......................... *+3
III. Record of Growth of Pleurotus ostreatus After
Exposure to Fluorescent Daylight L a m p s .......... *+9
IV. Record of Growth of Polyporus sulphureus After
Exposure to Fluorescent DaylightL a m p s .......... 51
V. Record of Growth of Polyporus sulphureus after
Exposure to Fluorescent Daylight Lamps . . . . . 52
VI. Record of Growth of Polyporus sulphureus After
Exposure to Fluorescent Daylight Lamps . . . . . 53
VII. Record of Growth of Agaricus campestris After
Exposure to Fluorescent Daylight tamps . . . . . 59
VIII. Record of Growth of Agaricus campestris After
Exposure to Fluorescent Day 1 ight L a m p s ......... 60
IX. Record of Growth of Agaricus campestris After
Exposure to Fluorescent Daylight Lamps . . . . . 61
X. Lethal Effeet of Ultraviolet Rays on Various
Organisms........... ......................... 83
XI. Lethal Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Various
Organisms..................................... 8b
XII. Lethal Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Various
Organisms . . . . . . . . • • • • 85
XIII. Lethal Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Various
Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 86
XIV. Lethal Effect of Ultraviolet Rays on Various
Organisms ........... 87
XV. Number of Colonies After Exposure to Ultraviolet
Light Through Filter #791...................... 88
TABLE PAGE
XVI. The Effect of Ultraviolet Light Through Filter
#791 on Quartz Test Tube Agar Slant Cultures . . 89
XVII. Growth Determination Using the Weight Method . . 90
XVIII. Growth Determination Using the Weight Method . . 91
XIX. Growth Determination Of Saccharomyc es cerevislae
Using the Weston Foot-Candle Meter . . . . . . . 92
XX. Growth Determination of Monilia nigra Using the
Weston Foot-Candle Meter . . . ................ 93
XXI. Data Summarizing the Results of the Lethal Effects
of Various Wavelengths of Ultraviolet Light on
Fungi After an Exposure 90 Minutes to the Carbon
Are....................... ........... . 9*1*
XXII. Data Summarizing the Results of the Lethal Effects
of Various Wavelengths of Ultraviolet Light on
Fungi After an Exposure 90 Minutes to the Carbon
Arc .................................... 95
XXIII. Data Summarizing the Results of Pigment Formation
in Fungi Irradiated with the Fluorescent Lamps . 96
XXIV. Data Summarizing the Results of Pigment Formation
in Fungi Irradiated with the Fluorescent Lamps 97
XXV. Data Summarizing the Results of the Effects of
Various Wavelengths of Ultraviolet on Gas Forma
tion in Saccharomvces cerevisiae .............. 98
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE Page
1. Visible Irradiation chamber showing arrangement
of exposure boxes in respect to the 60 watt Fluor
escent Lamps .............. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. Carbon Arc lamp complete with cover and trans
former ................................ 13
3. Arrangements of carbon in the Carbon Arc lamp
used for irradiating the various organisms . . . . 13
*f. Graph showing radiant energy values of Carbon C
at different wavelengths ........... 15
5. Percentage transmission curves of the Corning
Glass Co., Quartz filters ............... 32
6. Van Tiegham cells used for irradiating organisms
in liquid and solid m e d i a ....................... 32
7. Corning Glass Co., Quartz filters used in conjunc
tion with the Carbon Arc l a m p ............... 32
8. Percentage Transmission Curves of Eastman Kodak Co.
Daylight Filters #29, ^9, 61, 70, 71, 72, 75, 88,
Xlf 73, and 7b . . . ............................. 35
9. The Calorimeter used in determining radiant energy
transmitted through the various Daylight Filters
from the Fluorescent Lamp .......... Ml-
10. Graph showing radiant energy values of the Fluor
escent Lamp at various wavelengths............... **7
11. Formation of rhizomorphs in Armillaria mellea ex
posed to daylight filters ........................ 55
12. Showing formation of chlamydospores in Polyporus
sulphureus ........................... 57
13. Showing formation of sporophores in cultures of
Agaricus campestris exposed to the blue end of the
spectrum......... 57
l*f. Showing phototropic response in Pleurotus ostreatus 57
FIGURE Page
1?. Showing formation of sporophores in cultures of
Agaricus campestris exposed to the blue end of the
spectrum ............................... 57
16. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Saccharomyces cerevislae ................. 63
17. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Alternaria solan! . . ' • • • • # . . . 63
18. Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevlsiae showing the
effect of ultraviolet rays on gas formation . * . 63
19. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Saccharomyces cerevisiae ........ 63
20. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Penicillium expans u r n ................... 66
21. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Cephalothecium roseum ........... 66
22. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Penicillium expansum........................ 66
23. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Penicillium digitatum..................... 66
2*f. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Monllia nigra................. 68
25. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Neurospora si tophi l a ........... 68
26. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Monllia nigra................. ........... • • • 68
27. Cultures showing lethal effect of ultraviolet rays
on Monilia nigra................................ 68
28. Data showing effect of ultraviolet rays transmitted
through filter #586 on Neurospora sitophi la . . . 99
Lower - Data showing effect of ultraviolet rays
transmitted through filter #986 on Neurospora sit-
ophila............ * ................... 100
