Table Of ContentTHE EFFECT OF EXCESS WEIGHT UPON MOTOR SHILLS
by
George Francis Brady
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillm ent of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
In the Division of Physical Education In the
Graduate College of the State
university of Iowa
June 1951
ProQuest Number: 10907220
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The w riter 1* grateful to Dr* 0* H. MeCloy*
Heeeareh Prof©obor of Phyoloal Education, for hie help
ana guidance throughout thi© project*
11
TABLE OB' COOT EOT $
INTRODUCTION * .......................................♦ * ....................
Statement of the Problem » » . * • • » »
Approach to the Problem « , » » * • • • * 1
REVIEW OF LITERAtmE ................................ 4
PROCEDURE 10
. . * * • « . . .......................................................
The Subject© 10
* # * * ♦ * • « # * # * # #
C ollection of Data * * * * « • * * • ■ » • 11
Adm inistration of Data • • • » • • * • « 12
General 35©to r A bility Tests • • • * 13
Anthropometric Measurements . . . . 13
M iscellaneous Measurement . • • • • 13
General Procedures in Adm inistration 14
Handicap of Additional Weight • • * 16
ANALYSIS OF DATA........................... 19
General Information « * « * • * • * « • * 19
Interpretation of Factor Loadings * • • * 21
Factor 21
Factor II » « « # • * • • • » • » * 27
F actor 111 • » » « • » « • • * • * • 31
Factor XV ........................... 37
Factor V ........................... 42
Factor V I ...................................................... 46
Prediction Equations « * • • * « • * » • 48
Percentage Difference Between Mean® • • * 54
SUMKARSC....................................... 61
APPENDIX & « • « « » • » * ........................................ 63
APPENDIX B • • . . .......................................................... 66
Tests of General Motor A b i l i t y .................. 67
Hand Grips « • * * # • « • • » * • • 67
Push, and Pull 67
Page
Bmk L ift . . • f®
Dipping ♦ • ♦ . . ............................................. 2!
Chinning * « • • • « » • • « * * • > 70
Sbot*Put« » • • • « • • • « .................. 70
Sargent Jump • * » • » # « « « # * « 71
Standing Broad Jump * » • * • * » * « 72
Push-Ups .......................................* » » « 72
Two Minute s it *» Ups 73
F ifty Yard D aeh......................♦ * * . * . 73
Two Hundred Yard Shuttle Run » * • • 74
Anthropometric Measurementa • « « * « » » 74
Height «, * * * * ....................... « * . . 74
W e ig h t..................* • • 75
Ml see Xian ecus Measurement * • 75
Age . ♦ • ................................................................75
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................* .................................... » • « 76
Boofce . . . . ........................... 76
Artie lee • » • • .......................... 76
Manuscript » • * * * » » # • • » * • « « • 77
Iv
I1 ABLE OF TABLES
Table Fage
X Arrangement of Test© in Order end toy Day® • • • 15
IX Unrotated Factor Matrix 80
XXX Rotated Factor Flat r i x • • * * • • • • • • « « • 28
IV Factor loadings fo r B'actor X (strength)
Arranged In Order of Loading® From High to low 25
V Factor Loadings fo r the Weighted and the Mon**
Weighted Variables for Faster I (Strength), and
the Significance of the Difference as Indicated
toy the Value of i • • • ....................................... .... 25
VI Factor Loadings for Factor XX (Velocity)
Arranged in Order of loadings From High to Low 28
VII Factor Loadings for the Weighted and the Mon-*
Weighted Variable® for Factor II (V elocity),
and the significance of the Difference as
Indicated by the Value of t . 50
VXII Factor Loadings for Factor III (Dead Weight)
Arranged in Order of Loading® From High to Low 32
IX Factor Loadings fo r the Weighted and the Mon-
weighted Variables for Factor XII (Dead weight)
and the Significance of the Difference as
Indicated by the Value of 35
X Factor Loadings fo r Factor IV (Arm Strength and
Endurance) Arranged in Order of Loadings From
High to Low 38
XI Factor Loading® for the Weighted and the Non-
Weighted Variables for Factor IV (Arm strength
and Endurance), m the significance of the
Difference a© Indicated by the Value of t * • • 40
XII Factor Loadings for Factor V ( Sit-Up Strength
and Endurance) Arranged In Order of Loadings
v
Table
From High to low
XIII Factor Loading® fo r the Weighted and the $on~
Weighted Variable© for Factor V ( $lt**Dp Strength
and Endurance)* and the significance of the
D ifference a® Indicated by the Value of t * • • 43
XIV Factor Loadings fo r Factor ¥1 (Leg Extensor
V elocity) Arranged In Order of Loadings From
High to LOW 47
XV Factor Loadings fo r the weighted and the Non-
Weighted Variables fo r Factor VI (Leg Extensor
Velocity)* and the significance of the Difference
a® Indicated by the Value of | v •
XVI C oefficients of C orrelation Between strength T-
Scores Divided by Weight T-Scoree and the Raw
Test scores • + * « • * * ♦ * » * • • • # » • • 53
XVII Difference Between the Means of the Non"-Weighted
and the Weighted Variables Expressed In Terms
of Per Cent • * • « * ............................... 55
XVIII Summary of the Means and standard Deviations
With Their Respective Units of Measurement fo r
All V ariables 64
XIX C oefficients of Intercorrelatiohs of Variables • 65
vt
1
Chapter X
INTRODUCTION
Matammt o£ im 2>l§*
I t was the purpose of th is study to Investigate,
by means of a fa c to ria l analysis, the effect of excess
weight upon certain basic rootor skills*
^fpyoeffh |g J&g Problem
1
MeCloy, basing his statem ent upon data published
1
Personal communication from Charles Harold
McCloy to the w riter.
In V ierordt•© Paten und TabsIn. has stated th at approximately
forty per cent of the weight of the body In a person of
good musculature is muscle. This muscle is used prim arily
fo r purposes of movement* The remaining sixty per cent of
the to ta l body weight Is, In e ffe c t, excess baggage or "dead
weight" th at must be carried around by the muscular portion
of the body. At any given tim e, unused muscular tissu e is ,
of course, also "dead weight•*
When approached from the purely th eo retical view
point, a ll th a t is not muscle in use Is weight th at must be
carried about by the muscle© in use and necessarily handi
caps movement to a degree. The bony structure, in tern al
organa - a ll that Is not muscular &n structure - are neces
sary for the functioning of the human body as it now ex ists,
but they handicap movement because they place a burden upon
2
the muscular system that moves them. MCCloy in another
iHVMieiwiinHi.ii w in ... mmtm ............................ ..............................
2
Charles Harold IbOloy, Tests and Measurement a
is,JUlMfc algal fducatlon (New Xorkt r. a. Crofis
and Company > 1939), p* 39*
discussion of the th e o re tica l influence of weight states
th a t a ll Individuals do not necessarily follow a forty per
cent ratio In the amount of muscle th at th ey might possess*
Some individuals may have a greater per cent of muscle in
proportion to body weight, while others may have a le sser
percentage*
Many Individuals become overweight by the addition
of excess fa tty tissue* This load of fa tty tissu e places
m ex tra burden upon the various systems of the body th at
the person who Is of normal weight o r who is underweight
does not have* This Is p articu lar!ly tru e of the muscular,
circulatory end excretory systems, because excess tissu e
in the form of fa t causes them to work harder to meet the
demands made upon them*
In some forms of motor s k ills , excess weight
might be used to advantage* Aquatic a c tiv itie s th at require
prolonged submersion in cool water often use excess fa t to
5
advantage to retard the heat loss to the water and thereby
Increase efficiency In th is a c tiv ity , some forms of sports
a c tiv itie s-th a t have as a prerequisite the a b ility to
absorb sever# shocks of body contact might well us# some
excess fa t as a cushion. Also a moderate amount .of excess
weight might be of value to an. ath lete In some throwing
a c tiv itie s where the In e rtia of the extra weight would o ffer
g reater resistance to the reaction of the throw than would
be the ease w ith the lig h te r athlete#
However# i t Is commonly f e lt by physical education
teachers and ath letic coaches th at weight In excess of th at
which m Individual should normally carry fo r h is body build#
is a detrim ent to performance in most motor skills# th is is
p articu lar!ly true In such a c tiv itie s as running# lumping#
climbing# and such a c tiv itie s as those in which the person
must support or raise the weight of the body.
This study was an attempt to analyse some basic
motor skill© of normal individuals# and then to reanalyze
the performances of these same individuals in the same
sk ills when a handicap of excess weight was added.
