The effect of ceramic translucency and thickness on the polymerization of light-cured adhesive ...

119 Pages·2016·3.62 MB·English

University of Iowa
Iowa Research Online
Theses and Dissertations
Summer 2014
The effect of ceramic translucency and thickness on
the polymerization of light-cured adhesive resin
cement
Lamya Saud M. Alghaith
University of Iowa
Copyright 2014 Lamya Alghaith
This thesis is available at Iowa Research Online: https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1286
Recommended Citation
Alghaith, Lamya Saud M.. "The effect of ceramic translucency and thickness on the polymerization of light-cured adhesive resin
cement." MS (Master of Science) thesis, University of Iowa, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.m9is9q6r.
Follow this and additional works at:https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd
Part of theOther Dentistry Commons
THE EFFECT OF CERAMIC TRANSLUCENCY AND
THICKNESS ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF LIGHT-CURED
ADHESIVE RESIN CEMENT
by
Lamya Saud M Alghaith
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment 1

of the requirements for the Master of
Science degree in Oral Science
in the Graduate College of
The University of Iowa
August 2014
Thesis Supervisors: Professor Gerald Denehy
Professor Steven R. Armstrong
Copyright by
LAMYA SAUD M ALGHAITH
2014
All Rights Reserved

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Graduate College
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
_______________________
MASTER'S THESIS
_______________
This is to certify that the Master's thesis of
Lamya Saud M Alghaith
has been approved by the Examining Committee
for the thesis requirement for the Master of Science
degree in Oral Science at the August 2014 graduation.
Thesis Committee: ___________________________________
Gerald Denehy, Thesis Supervisor
___________________________________
Steven R. Armstrong, Thesis Supervisor
___________________________________
Richard Price
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___________________________________
Julie Jessop
___________________________________
Fang Qian
___________________________________
Rodrigo R. Maia
To my parents, who have always given me the strength
and wisdom, for their unselfish love and affection. This thesis is dedicated to them
To all my family and friends, without you all, this journey would not have been possible
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I praise God for the wisdom and perseverance that he has
bestowed upon me during this research project, and indeed, throughout my life.
My sincere gratitude goes to my advisor in this project, Dr. Steven Armstrong. I
would like to thank him for allowing me to grow and develop as a researcher. He
patiently shared the vision, inspiration and enlightening advice; tools which were
imperative for the creation and progression of my thesis.
To Dr. Gerald Denehy, it goes without saying that I owe him my heartfelt
appreciation on his perpetual guidance, not only in the research, but throughout my
entire residency program.
To Dr. Richard Price and Dr. Julie Jessop, I extend my truest thanks on helping
with improving the methodology of this research. Indeed, they have made available
their support in many ways. I was both honored and humbled to learn from their vast
expertise and knowledge on the topic.
A special thank you goes to Dr. Fang Qian for handling the statistical part of
this research and providing me with the analysis in a timely manner in spite of the
heavy work load she had. I also wish to thank Dr. Cobb for her unfaltering
encouragement and support. She has been an influential advisor to me throughout my
graduate school career, yet she has always given me great freedom to pursue
independent work.
I would like to extend my appreciation especially to Mr. Douglas Aunan for his
help with fabrication of the ceramic, to Elliott Glenn for assisting me with the Raman
Microscopy, and to Dr. Marcos Vargas for his conducive suggestions.
I would like to acknowledge the manufacturer, Ivoclar Vivadent, donating the
material. The contributions of many people, in their different ways, have made this
possible. I am indebted to all members of the Operative Dentistry Department,
faculty, staff and graduate students for making this place a healthy environment to
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work and improve on a professional level, and an unforgettable experience on a
personal level.
I give thanks and true appreciation to my sponsor, the Government of Saudi
Arabia and its esteemed leadership for the generosity, farsighted vision, and support
to Saudi youth in pursuing higher education. I could not have made it this far without
this extraordinary opportunity that my country has granted me, and my fellow abroad
students.
Last but not least, I give thanks to the most amazing two individuals in my life:
My parents. Their love was my driving force every step of the way throughout this
journey. Everything I am and will become I owe to them. So, thank you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1

Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................2
Research Hypotheses ...............................................................................................2
Null Hypotheses .......................................................................................................2
Alternative Hypotheses ............................................................................................3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................5

Adhesive Resin-Based cements ...............................................................................5
Types Of Adhesive Resin-Based Cements ..................................................5
The Polymerization Process of Resin-based composite ..........................................7
Methods to Evaluate the Polyemerization of Resins .............................................10
Forrier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) ......................................10
Types of sample preparation in FTIR .................................................11
Scraping-Back ............................................................................................12
Optical Microscopy ....................................................................................12
Microhardness Tests ..................................................................................12
Light Curing Units (LCU) .....................................................................................16
Types of Light Curing Units ......................................................................17
Ultraviolet Light (UV) ........................................................................17
Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen Lights (QTH) ...........................................17
Argon-Ion Laser ..................................................................................17
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) .............................................................18
Plasma Arc (PAC) ..............................................................................19
Factors Evaluated and Instruments Used for Measuring the Light............20 5

Irradiance (W/m2) ..............................................................................20
Beam Profile and Top Hat Factor (THF) ...........................................20
Spectral Irradiance (mW/nm/cm2) .....................................................21
Radiant Exposure ...............................................................................21
Dental Ceramics .....................................................................................................22
Difference between the E.Max Press Opacities in Composition ...............24
Difference between More than One Type of Ceramic in Light
Transmission ..............................................................................................24
Factors that Affect Light Transmission .................................................................26
Summary.... ............................................................................................................30
Materials ................................................................................................................31

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CHAPTER III PILOT STUDY ..........................................................................................33

Methods……..........................................................................................................33
Fabricating IPS e.Max Press ceramic discs ............................................33
Pilot study for determining the ceramic disc sample size...................33
Ceramic Disc Fabrication ...................................................................34
Preparing the Light-Cured Adhesive Resin Cement Specimens ...............37
Measuring the Attenuation of Light through the Ceramic Discs
Irradiance and Radiant Exposure Measurements ......................................43
Measuring the efficiency of the polymerization of adhesive resin
cements after curing through ceramic discs ...............................................45
Calculating the microhardness indentation load for 50 micron
thickness specimen .............................................................................45
Knoop Microhardness (KHN) ............................................................45
Raman Microscopy .............................................................................46
Detecting Correlation between Microhardness (KHN) and Conversion
(%) .............................................................................................................47
Calibration Curve Pilot Study .............................................................47
KHN of Polished and Non-Polished Adhesive Resin Cement
Specimens ..................................................................................................48
Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................49
Pilot Study Results ................................................................................................50
Descriptive Statistics ..................................................................................50
Interaction between Thickness and Translucency on Affecting the
KHN, Degree of Conversion, & Radiant Exposure ...................................52
Degree of Conversion and KHN Correlation.............................................54
Power Analysis and Sample Size Determination.......................................54
Calibration Curve Pilot Study ....................................................................54
KHN of Polished and Non-Polished Adhesive Resin Cement
Specimens ..................................................................................................55
Statements of Hypotheses ......................................................................................56
Discussion of Pilot Study .......................................................................................57
Calibration Curve .......................................................................................59
KHN Before and After Polishing ...............................................................59
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Conclusion ............................................................................................................60

CHAPTER IV EXPERIMENT I ....................................................................................62

Methods ............................................................................................................62
Storage of the Specimens .....................................................................63
Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................65
Experiment I: Results ............................................................................................66
Descriptive Statistics of Radiant Exposure ................................................66
Interaction between Thickness and Translucency on Affecting the
Radiant Exposure .......................................................................................67
Descriptive Statistics of Knoop Microhardness (KHN) ............................71
Interaction between Thickness and Translucency on Affecting the
Knoop Microhardness (KHN)....................................................................72
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Correlation between Knoop Microhardness (KHN) and Radiant
Exposure ....................................................................................................73
Pearson Correlation and Simple Linear Regression ...........................74
Statmenets of Hypotheses .....................................................................................79
Experiemnt I: Discussion .....................................................................................80
Radiant Exposure (J/cm2) ..........................................................................80
Irradiance and Spectral Irradiance .............................................................81
Different Delivery Time ............................................................................82
Knoop Microhardness-KHN ......................................................................83
The interaction between the thickness and translucency and their
simple effects on KHN (Table 14) ......................................................83
The Correlation between Adhesive resin cement KHN and Delivered
Radiant Exposure .......................................................................................84
Conclusion ............................................................................................................85

CHAPTER V: EXPERIMENT II: EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON KHN .................86

Methods ............................................................................................................86
Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................87
Results ............................................................................................................87
Descriptive Statistics of KHN with Different Storage Time .....................87
One-Way ANOVA and Two Sample T-Test .............................................88
Interaction between Ceramic Type and Storage Time .............................88
Statements of Research Hypotheses ......................................................................90
Discussion ............................................................................................................90
Conclusion ............................................................................................................91
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................92

Strength of the Study .............................................................................................92
Potential Limitations of the Study .........................................................................92
Clinical Significance ..............................................................................................93
Avenues for Future Research .................................................................................94
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APPENDIX
Raw Data of Pilot Study .......................................................................................95
Raw Data Experiment I – 19 seconds Group ........................................................96
Raw Data Experiment I – 16 seconds Group .........................................................97
Raw Data of Different Storage Time .....................................................................98
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................99

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