The Education-Drug Use Connection: How Successes and Failures in School Relate to Adolescent Smoking, Drinking, Drug Use, and Delinquency

456 Pages·2007·9.52 MB·English

by  Jerald G. Bachman

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Jerald G. Bachman
Patrick M. O’Malley
John E. Schulenberg
Lloyd D. Johnston
Peter Freedman-Doan
Emily E. Messersmith
Institute for Social Research
University of Michigan
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
New York London
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Contents
Preface xiii
Guidelines for Using This Book xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction and Overview 1
Substance Use, Ages 14 to 40, Linked
to Educational Success 3
Daily Smoking 3
Marijuana Use 6
Heavy Drinking 10
Studying Complex Causal Relationships
in Natural Settings 10
What Is the “Big Picture” Thus Far? 13
Overview of Chapters 14
2 Literature Review: Conceptual and Empirical
Overview of Issues 17
Stability of Educational Achievement 18
Educational Successes and Failures Are Connected
to Substance Use 19
Cigarette Use 20
Marijuana Use 21
Alcohol Use 22
Other Illicit Drugs and Multiple Substance Use 23
Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors 24
Exogenous Variable Explanations 26
Long-Term Relations Between Educational Failure
and Substance Use 27
Policy and Intervention Implications 29
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3 Survey Methods and Analysis Strategies 31
A Brief History of the MTF Adolescent Panel 32
Sample Characteristics and Representativeness 34
Survey Methods 34
Response Rates 35
Imputation 37
Poststratification 38
Further Weighting of the Sample 39
Measures Used 39
Analysis Methods and Rationale 44
Analysis Strategy 45
Selectivity 45
Separate Analyses for Males and Females 46
Separate Reporting for Different Forms of
Substance Use 46
A Focus on Consistent Findings, Well-Documented 47
4 Educational Success and Failure: Causes and Correlates 49
Plan for This Chapter 50
Focusing on Academic Attainment as a Long-Term
Outcome 50
Using Multiple Analysis Methods and Perspectives 51
Academic Attainment at Age 22: A Snapshot
of a Moving Target 51
Academic Attainment as a Moving Target 53
How Many Go How Far? 55
Major Correlates/Predictors of Academic Attainment 56
Race/Ethnicity 67
Population Density 68
Parental Education 68
Presence of Both Parents in Home 72
Parental Involvement in Students’ Lives 74
Scholastic Setbacks 75
Grade Retention (Ever Held Back) 76
Suspension or Expulsion 76
Grades and College Plans 78
Serious Scholastic Setbacks During High School 82
Additional Correlates/Predictors of Academic Attainment 83
Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors 83
Evenings Out for Fun and Recreation 84
Actual and Preferred Hours of Work 84
Religious Attendance and Importance 84
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Self-Esteem 85
We Focus on the “Short List” of Predictors 85
A Structural Equation Model of Academic Attainment 85
Background Measures as Exogenous Factors 86
Interconnecting GPA, College Plans, and Academic
Attainment 88
Incorporating Serious Scholastic Setbacks
Into the Model 90
Incorporating Age-18 Dropout Status Into the Model 91
Structural Model Findings: Background
(Exogenous) Factors 91
The Importance of Parents 92
Other Background Factors 94
Structural Model Findings: High School
(Endogenous) Factors 95
Grade Point Average 95
College Plans 96
Serious Scholastic Setbacks After Eighth Grade 97
Dropout Status at Age 18 97
Summary and Conclusions 98
5 Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors Linked
With Educational Success and Failure 101
Plan for This Chapter 101
Delinquency in Adolescence and Young Adulthood 102
Constructing a Seven-Category Measure of
Delinquent Behavior 106
Major Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent Delinquency 106
Race/Ethnicity and Population Density 116
Parental Education 117
Presence of Both Parents at Home 117
Parental Involvement in Students’ Lives 117
Grade Retention, and Suspension or Expulsion, by End
of Eighth Grade 117
Grade Point Average 118
College Plans 119
Serious Scholastic Setbacks During High School (After
Eighth Grade) 120
Dropping Out of High School by Age 18 120
Additional Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent Delinquency 121
Various Problem Behaviors 121
Evenings Out for Fun and Recreation 121
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Actual and Preferred Hours of Work 122
Religious Attendance and Importance 122
Self-Esteem 122
Adding Delinquency to the Structural Equation
Model of Academic Attainment 123
Locating Delinquency in the Causal Network 123
Structural Model Findings 127
Summary and Conclusions Concerning Delinquency 129
Expanding the Structural Equation Model
to Include Substance Use 131
6 How Smoking Is Linked With
Educational Success and Failure 133
Plan for This Chapter 134
Adolescent Smoking Rates in Recent Decades 134
Evidence Based on Cross-Sectional Data 135
Patterns or “Trajectories” of 30-Day Smoking Based on
Panel Data 138
Major Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent Smoking 143
Race/Ethnicity and Population Density 148
Parental Education 148
Presence of Both Parents at Home 149
Parental Involvement in Students’ Lives 150
Grade Retention, and Suspension or Expulsion, by End
of Eighth Grade 151
Grade Point Average 151
College Plans 153
Serious Scholastic Setbacks During High School
(After Eighth Grade) 153
Dropping Out of High School by Age 18 154
Additional Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent Smoking 154
Various Problem Behaviors 154
Evenings Out for Fun and Recreation 157
Actual and Preferred Hours of Work 157
Religious Attendance and Importance 158
Self-Esteem 158
A Structural Equation Model Including Academic
Attainment and Smoking 158
Structural Equation Model Findings 160
Further Analyses Including Friends’ Smoking 164
Summary and Conclusions 167
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7 How Marijuana Use Is Linked With Educational
Success and Failure 171
Plan for This Chapter 172
Marijuana Use in Recent Decades 172
The Close Link Between Cigarette and Marijuana
Use in Adolescence 174
Major Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent
Marijuana Use 176
Race/Ethnicity 177
Urban Density 182
Parental Education 182
Presence of Both Parents in the Home 182
Parental Involvement in Students’ Lives 183
Grade Retention, and Suspension or Expulsion,
by End of Eighth Grade 183
Delinquent Behavior 184
Grade Point Average 188
College Plans 189
Serious Scholastic Setbacks During High School
(After Eighth Grade) 189
Dropping Out of High School by Age 18 192
Additional Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent
Marijuana Use 192
Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors 192
Evenings Out for Fun and Recreation 192
Actual and Preferred Work Hours 193
Religious Attendance and Importance 193
Self-Esteem 193
Structural Equation Model: Academic Attainment
and Marijuana Use 194
Structural Model Findings 195
Summary and Conclusions 202
8 How Cocaine Use Is Linked With Educational
Success and Failure 205
Plan for This Chapter 205
Cocaine Use in Recent Decades 205
How Cocaine Use Is Linked With Use of
Marijuana and Cigarettes 206
Major Correlates/Predictors of Adolescent Cocaine Use 208
Race/Ethnicity 210