Table Of ContentTHE ECONOMICS OF LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION
Long-distance transport is carried out in very different conditions in
different countries of the world, ranging from the transport of fuel in
pipelines in the intense cold of Siberia or Alaska, to the use of car and
train for longer commuting journeys in the capitals of Western Europe.
Not only does the climate vary, but also social and economic systems
are different: in this volume experts from centrally planned or market
economies put forward very contrasting views on transport organis
ation and objectives -for example, on how 'efficiency' should be
defined. In all countries, there is a desire to plan an integrated and
efficient system, but stress is sometimes put on the use of commercial
market pricing, and in other cases on the proper calculation of social
costs and benefits.
There are twenty-seven papers presented here, together with sum
maries of the discussions they prompted in Moscow, dealing with
technical, economic, organisational and political aspects of long
distance transport. The book is intended to be useful to transport
specialists, economists and geographers, and also to those interested in
comparative studies between centrally planned and market economies.
Academician T. S. Khachaturov is one of the most distinguished of
Soviet economists, and is an Honorary President of the International
Economic Association.
Dr P. B. Goodwin is a leading British transport economist. He is Reader
in Transport Studies and Director of the Transport Studies Unit at the
University of Oxford.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
PUBLICATIONS
Monopoly and Competition and their Regulation
The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations
The Theory of Capital
Inflation
The Economics of Take-off into Sustained Growth
International Trade Theory in a Developing World
The Theory of Interest Rates
The Economics of Education
Problems in Economic Development
Price Formation in Various Economies
The Distribution of National Income
Risk and Uncertainty
International Economic Relations
Backward Areas in Advanced Countries
Public Economics
Economic Development in South Asia
North American and Western European Economic Policies
The Gap between Rich and Poor Nations
Latin America in the International Economy
Models of Economic Growth
Allocation under Uncertainty
Transport and the Urban Environment
The Economics of Health and Medical Care
The Management of Water Quality and the Environment
Agriculture Policy in Developing Countries
Economic Factors in Population Growth
Classics in the Theory of Public Finance
Methods of Long-term Planning and Forecasting
Economic Integration
The Economics of Public Services
The Organisation and Retrieval of Economic Knowledge
The Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomics
Economic Relations between East and West
Econometric Contributions to Public Policy
Appropriate Technologies for Third World Development
Economic Growth and Resources (5 volumes)
Inflation Theory and Anti-inflation Policy
The Relevance of Economic Theories
Unemployment in Western Countries
Public and Private Enterprise in a Mixed Economy
The Grants Economy and Collective Consumption
The Economics of Long-distance Transportation
The Determinants of National Saving and Wealth
Employment Policy in a Developing Country (2 volumes)
Human Resources, Employment and Development (5 volumes)
THE ECONOMICS OF
LONG-DISTANCE
TRANSPORTATION
Proceedings of a Conference held by the
International Economic Association
in Moscow
Edited by
T. S. Khachaturov
and
P. B. Goodwin
Assisted by S. M. Carpenter
© International Economic Association 1983
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 978-0-333-33422-5
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First published 1983 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-17015-9 ISBN 978-1-349-17013-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-17013-5
Contents
Acknowledgements Michael Kaser ix
Officers of the Conference x
List of Participants xi
Introductory Address: Transport Develop-
ment in the USSR
T. S. Khachaturov xiii
PART ONE: CHANGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN DIFFERENT MODES OF
TRANSPORT
Planning and Mode Split of Freight Traffic in
the USSR A. A. Mitaishvili 3
2 Comparing the Efficiency of Western Euro-
pean Rail and Road Services Fritz Voigt 12
3 Changes in Freight Traffic among the Modes
of Transport, Past and Future
Dudley F. Pegrum 22
4 The Socialist Transport System-its Manage-
ment and Planning Hermann Wagener 34
5 Modal Split, Efficiency and Public Policy
Yukihide Okano 49
Discussion 64
PART TWO: FUEL FREIGHT AND TRANSPORT
ATION IN LESS ACCESSIBLE REGIONS 79
6 International Implications of Long-distance
Transport of Fuels Holland Hunter,
Leslie Dienes and Lee Bettis 81
Discussion 94
7 The Today and Tomorrow of Arctic Trans-
portation Routes Jerzy Zaleski 97
8 Trunk-line Transportation in Less Accessible
Regions V. Burkhanov 106
v
vi Contents
9 Transportation System Planning for Alaska
Development David T. Kresge,
J. Royce Ginn and John T. Gray 112
10 Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas in the
USSR 0. M. Ivantsov 134
II Efficient Long-distance Fuel Transportation
R. W. Lake, C. J. Boon and C. Schwier 142
Discussion 156
PART THREE: PROBLEMS OF THE OPTIMAL RE
LATIONSHIP OF INDIVIDUAL AND
PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT 165
12 Mass Transport and Individual Transport: an
Optimum Modal Split Rezso Bajusz 167
13 The Optimum Ratio between Private and
Public Passenger Transport Services in Conur
bations: the Experience of the German
Democratic Republic Werner Lindner 179
14 Motorisation in Japan Ryohei Kakumoto 187
15 Problems in Attaining an Optimum Ratio
between Long-distance Individual and Public
Passenger Transport H. St. Seidenfus 197
Discussion 210
PART FOUR: PROBLEMS OF INCREASING EFFI-
CIENCY OF TRANSPORT MODES 219
16 Impediments to the American Railroads'
Achieving their Comparative Advantage for
Long-distance Movement George W. Hilton 221
17 The Development and Main Problems of
International Transport Systems R. Squilbin 232
Discussion 240
18 Rational Policies for Development of
International Air Transportation
John R. Meyer and William B. Tye 245
Discussion 264
19 Time as a Factor in Increasing the Economic
Efficiency of Ports and Sea-Land Transport
Witold Andruszkiewicz 267
20 Port Congestion or Port Dysfunction
S. Wickham and N. Tien Phuc 274
Contents Vll
21 Inland Waterways and Long-distance Freight
Traffic D. M. Hayter and C. H. Sharp 286
Discussion 300
PART FIVE: TRANSPORT AND PRODUCTION;
ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS OF
TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT 303
22 Spatial Distribution of Productive Powers
and Socialist Transport Policy
Gerhard Rehbein 305
23 Organisation of Transport Enterprises
H. J. Noortman 312
24 International Transportation Systems
Richard Burke 326
Discussion 342
25 The Importance of Organisational Forms of
Integration in the Field of International
Transportation Stefan Tsankov 348
26 Material Relations and Transport Policy in
the Czechoslovak Social Republic
Karel Vitek 353
27 Principal Problems of the Development of
International Relations in the Transport
Sector G. Antal 361
Discussion 371
28 Themes and Conclusions of the Conference
The Discussions P. B. Goodwin 374
The Papers T. S. Khachaturov 377
Index 384
Acknowledgements
The Round Table Conference held in Moscow (15-19 October 1979) of
which this volume is an outcome, was organised for the International
Economic Association by the Institute of Complex Transport Problems
of the USSR. It represented a diamond jubilee as the sixtieth conference
that the Association had arranged. The organisation was excellent, with
a well-planned agenda and a social programme which was not only
restorative (in the midst of a Round Table to which more papers were
read than to any previous one) but also professionally informative (in a
visit to a railway research establishment at Shcherbinka). The
Association is grateful to the presenters, discussants and session
chairmen; to the organising committee in Moscow and its secretary
Sergei Borisovich Shlikhter; to the many representatives of Soviet
government departments and scientific institutions who helped in many
ways, and above all to the Conference Chairman, Tigran Sergeevitch
Khachaturov.
Of the leading Soviet economists who have been members of the
Executive Committee of the Association-V. P. Dyachenko, K. N.
Plotnikov and 0. T. Bogomolov are the others -Academician
Khachaturov has served for the longest period and had already presided
over an earlier Round Table-on methods of long-term planning and
forecasting in 1972; the Council of the Association at its triennial
meeting in 1980 honoured him by nomination as an Honorary
President.
The proceedings are also being published in Russian in the Soviet
Union.
MICHAEL KASER
IX
Officers of the Conference
Chairman Professor T. S. Khachaturov
lEA Representative M. Kaser
Organiser Professor S. Shlikhter
Rapporteur Dr P. B. Goodwin
Editorial Assistant S. M. Carpenter
Secretariat G. Belova
A. A. Dynkin
E. Emelyanova
0. Laptev
V. Malysheva
E. Sentulyova
Interpreters Y. Gelman
E. Halfkin
A. Rozentzweig
Translator J. Curtis
Secretaries Mrs J. Gray
Mrs S. Boyce
X
