The Ecology and Management of Wetlands: Volume 1: Ecology of Wetlands

603 Pages·1987·9.46 MB·English

by  Donal D. Hook

THE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS
Volume 1: ECOLOGY OF WETLANDS
This two-volume work presents selected papers from a symposium on wetlands organised
by the International Society of Anaerobiosis, held in June 1986 in Charleston, South
Carolina. Contributors are international authorities from all over the world, but principally
the USA and Europe.
Volume one covers the general ecology ofwetlands. Principal subject areas addressed
include how plants are adapted to waterlogged soils, plant-animal interactions, soils and
geology of wetlands, hydrology and estuarine ecosystems. Volume two covers more applied
topics such as agricultural use, restoration and regulation, use for forestry, fisheries and
wildlife, the development of wetlands for agriculture and evaluation methods. The volumes
represent a definitive statement of the current subject and almost everyone that works with
wetlands will find topics of interest in each volume. More specifically, ecologists, botanists
and soil scientists as weil as workers in forestry, fisheries and wildlife management will
find much of value in these volumes.
Edited by Donal D. Hook, Clemson University, South Carolina, and others
THE
ECOLOGYAND
MANAGEMENT
OFWETLANDS
•
Volum.e 1:
Ecology of Wetlands
D.D. HOOK, W.H. McKEE, Jr, H.K. SMITH, J. GREGORY, V.G.
BURRELL, Jr, M.R. DeVOE, R.E. SOJKA, s. GILBERT, R. BANKS,
L.H. STOLZY, c. BROOKS, T.D. MATTHEWS and T.H. SHEAR
CROOM HELM
London & Sydney
TIMBER PRESS
Portland, Oregon
© 1988 Donal D. Hook
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988
Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row,
Beckenham, Kent, BR3 lAT
Croom Helm Australia, 44-50 Waterloo Road,
North Ryde, 2113, New South Wales
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The ecology and management of wetlands.
1. Wetland conservation 2. Wetland
ecology
I. Hook D.D.
333.91'815 QH75
ISBN 978-1-4684-8380-2 ISBN 978-1-4684-8378-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-8378-9
First published in the USA 1988 by
Timber Press,
9999 S.W. Wilshire,
Portland, OR 97225,
USA
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
PART I. THE RESOURCE
1. Global Wetlands - History • Current Status and Future
Edward Maltby 3
2. The Functions of a Pristine Estuarine Ecosystem
F. John Vernberg 15
3. Aquatic Animal Production and Wetland Relationships:
Insights Gleaned Following Wetland Loss or Gain
R. Eugene Turner and Donald F. Boesch 25
- 4. River Regulation Effects on Floodplain Hydrology
and Ecology
Charles V. Klimas 40
5. Expertise in Wetlands Research and Management:
The Need and Some Priorities for North-South
Transfer
Patrick J. Dugan 50
PART 11. HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY
VALUES OF WETLANDS
6. A Review of the Recharge-Discharge Function
of Wetlands
D.I. Siegel 59
7. Some Comments on the Relation Between Ground
Water and Wetlands
Virginia Carter and Richard P. Novitzki 68
CONTENTS
8. Water Quality Functions of Wetlands: Natural
and Managed Systems
Robert K. Bastian and Jay Benforado 87
9. Analysis of Flood Peak Moderation by Depressional
Wetland Sites
John M. Kittelson 98
10. Physical and Biological Control of Mangrove
Pore Water Chemistry
Paul R. Carlson, Jr and Laura A. Yarbro 112
,11. The Value of Wetlands in Low Relief Landscapes
M.T. Brown and M.F. Sullivan 133
12. Wetland Evapotranspiration in Temperate and
Arid Climates
R. H. Kadlec, R. B. Williams and R. D. Scheffe 146
13. Role of Coastal Marshes in Energy Dissipation
and Shore Protection
Paul L. Knutson 161
14. Ground-water and Surface-water Interactions in
Minnesota and Wisconsin Wetlands
R.G. Brown, J.R. Stark and G.L. Patterson 175
PART III. BIOLOGICAL VALUES OF WETLANDS
15. Wetlands and Their Relationship to Migrating and
Winter Populations of Waterfowl
Frank C. Bellrose and Nannette M. Trudeau 183
16. Aquatic Habitats of Breeding Waterfowl
George A. Swanson 195
17. Coastal Wetlands - Major Ecological Entities
for Wading and Shore Birds
S.A. Hussain 203
18. Mammals and Wetlands
Erik K. Fritzell 213
19. Endangered, Threatened and Rare Wetland Plants
and AnimaIs of the Continental United States
William A. Niering 227
20. Aquatic Invertebrates of Freshwater Wetlands:
Function and Ecology
Henry R. Murkin and Dale A. Wrubleski 239
CONTENTS
PART IV. FORMATION. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY OF
WETLAND SOlLS
21. Soil Formation Under Hydromorphic Conditions
S.W. Buol and R.A. Rebertus 253
22. Characterization and Origin of Delmarva Bay
Basin Fill
M.H. Stoltz and M.C. Rabenhorst 263
23. Gas Exchange and Atmospheric Properties of
Flooded Soils
W. Stepniewski and J. Glinski 269
24. Chemistry of Metals and Trace Elements in a
Submerged Soll
J.T. Gilmour and P.M. Gale 279
25. Phosphorus Transformations in Flooded Soils
L.R. Hossner and W.H. Baker 293
26. Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Wetland Soils
K.R. Reddy and D.A. Graetz 307
27. The Influence of Redox Potential on the
Environmental Chemistry of Contaminants
in Soils and Sediments
Robert P. Gambrell and William H. Patrick. Jr 319
28. Wetland Soils with High Sulfide Contents
Leendert J. Pons 334
29. SoH Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Organie Carbon
in Transplanted Estuarine Marshes
C.B. Craft. S.W. Broome and E.D. Seneca 351
PART V. THE TOLERANCE OF PLANT SPECIES TO
WETLAND SITES
30. Biochemical Adaptations to Anoxia in Barnyard Grass
Theodore C. Fox, Robert A. Kennedy and
Ali A. Alani 359
31. Involvement of the Hormones Ethylene and Abscisic
Acid in Some Adaptive Responses of Plants
to Submergence. Soil Waterlogging and Oxygen
Shortage
Michael B. Jackson 373
32. Nutrient Uptake and Acclimation to Soil Waterlogging
and Oxygen Shortage in Non-wetland Plants
M.C. Drew 383
CONTENTS
33. Cytoplasmic Acidosis and Flooding Tolerance in
Crop Plants
Justin K.M. Roberts 392
34. The Relationship of Soil Parameters and Root
Metabolism to Primary Production in
Periodically Inundated Soils
Irving A. Mendelssohn and David M. Burdick 398
35. Mineral Nutrition of Oxygen-stressed Crops
and its Relationship to some Physiological
Responses
R.E. Sojka and L.H. Stolzy 429
36. Responses of Woody Seedlings to Elevated Flood
Water Temperatures
Kenneth W. McLeod, Lisa A. Donovan and
Nancy J. Stumpff 441
37. Ultrastructure Studies as a Means of Evaluating
Plant Tolerance to Flooding
B • B. Vartapetian 452
38. Use of Oxygen Microelectrodes to Measure Aeration
in the Roots of Intact Tree Seedlings
Donal D. Hook and Martha R. McKevlin 467
39. Flood Tolerance Indices for Palustrine Forest
Speeies
Russell F. Theriot 477
40. Interspecifie Genetie Variation of Loblolly Pine
Tolerance to Soi! Waterlogging
Theodore H. Shear and Donal D. Hook 489
PART VI. ESTUARINE WETLANDS AND INTERACTIONS
AMONG THEIR COMPONENTS
41. Pathways and Controls of the Carbon Cyele in Salt
Marshes
James T. Morris 497
42. Irregularly Flooded Salt Marshes of the Gulf and
Atlantie Coasts of the United States
Judy P. Stout 511
43. A Comparison of Vaseular Plant Communities in
Tidal Freshwater and Saltwater Marshes
William E. Odum and John K. Hoover 526
44. Herbivore Population Dynamies in Intertidal
Marshlands: The Role of Host Plant Nutrition
Robert F. Denno 535
CONTENTS
45. The Utllization of Seagrass Meadows by Fishery
Organisms
W.J. Kenworthy, G.W. Thayer and M.S. Fonseca 548
46. A Comparison of Fish and Invertebrate Community
Composition in Tidal Freshwater and
Oligohaline Marsh Systems
William E. Odum, Lawrence P. Rozas and
Carole C. McIvor 561
47. Pattern and Process in Arid-region Salt Marshes -
Southern California
Christopher P. Onuf and Joy B. Zedler 570
Index 582
PREFACE
This book contains the proceedings of a symposium held at the
College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, 16-20
June 1986. The seed for this symposium arose from a group of
physiologists , soU scientists and biochemists that met in
Leningrad, USSR in July 1975 at the 12th Botanical Conference in
a Session organized by Professor B.B. Vartepetian. This group
and others later conspired to contribute to a book entitled Plant
Life in Anaerobic Environments (eds. D. D. Hook and R. M. M.
Crawford, Ann Arbor Science, 1978). Several contributors to the
book suggested in 1983 that a broad-scoped symposium on wetlands
would be useful (a) in facilitating communication among the diverse
research groups involved in wetlands research (b) in bringing
researchers and managers together and (c) in presenting a com
prehensive and balanced coverage on the status of ecology ami
management of wetlands from a global perspective.
With this encouragement, the senior editor organized a Plan
ning Committee that encompassed expertise from many disciplines of
wetland scientists and managers. This Committee, with input from
their colleagues around the world, organized a symposium that
addressed almost every aspect of wetland ecology and management.
The proceedings have been slightly reorganized into a two
volume book that focuses on: (1) the resource and the basic
biology and ecology of wetland plants, animals • soils. hydrology
and their values and interactions • (Volume I) and (2) the practi
cality of applying such information to protect and manage the finite
wetland resources (Volume 11). Within each volume the subject
matter has been organized into subject area sections to aid the
user to find quickly topics that are relevant to their area of
interest.