Table Of ContentKhuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page i
The Eastern Mediterranean
and the Making of
Global Radicalism, 1860–1914
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page ii
ThE CalifoRnia WoRld hisToRy libRaRy
EditedbyEdmundburkeiii,KennethPomeranz,andPatriciaseed
1. TheUnendingFrontier:EnvironmentalHistoryoftheEarlyModernWorld,byJohnf.
Richards
2. MapsofTime:AnIntroductiontoBigHistory,bydavidChristian
3. TheGravesofTarim:GenealogyandMobilityacrosstheIndianOcean,byEngsengho
4. ImperialConnections:IndiaintheIndianOceanArena,1860—1920,byThomasR.Metcalf
5. ManyMiddlePassages:ForcedMigrationandtheMakingoftheModernWorld,editedby
EmmaChristopher,CassandraPybus,andMarcusRediker
6. DomesticatingtheWorld:AfricanConsumerismandtheGenealogiesofGlobalization,by
JeremyPrestholdt
7. ServantsoftheDynasty:PalaceWomeninWorldHistory,editedbyanneWalthall
8. IslandWorld:AHistoryofHawai‘iandtheUnitedStates,byGaryy.okihiro
9. TheEnvironmentandWorldHistory,editedbyEdmundburkeiiiandKennethPomeranz
10.PineappleCulture:AHistoryoftheTropicalandTemperateZones,byGaryy.okihiro
11.ThePilgrimArt:CultureofPorcelaininWorldHistory,byRobertfinlay
12.TheQuestfortheLostNation:WritingHistoryinGermanyandJapanintheAmerican
Century,bysebastianConrad,translatedbyalannothnagle
13.TheEasternMediterraneanandtheMakingofGlobalRadicalism,1860–1914,byilham
Khuri-Makdisi
14.TheOtherWest:LatinAmericafromInvasiontoGlobalization,byMarcelloCarmagnani
15.Mediterraneans:NorthAfrica,Europe,andtheOttomanEmpireinanAgeofMigration,
c.1800–1900,byJuliaClancy-smith
16.HistoryandtheTestimonyofLanguage,byChristopherEhret
17.FromtheIndianOceantotheMediterranean:CirculationandtheGlobalTradeNetworks
fromNewJulfa,Isfahan,1605–1747,bysebouhdavidaslanian
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page iii
The Eastern Mediterranean
and the Making of Global
Radicalism, 1860–1914
ilham Khuri-Makdisi
UnivERsiTy of CalifoRnia PREss
Berkeley LosAngeles London
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page iv
UniversityofCaliforniaPress,oneofthemostdistinguisheduniversity
pressesintheUnitedstates,enricheslivesaroundtheworldbyadvancing
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activitiesaresupportedbytheUCPressfoundationandbyphilanthropic
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visitwww.ucpress.edu.
UniversityofCaliforniaPress
berkeleyandlosangeles,California
UniversityofCaliforniaPress,ltd.
london,England
©2010byTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia
libraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdata
Khuri-Makdisi,ilham.
TheEasternMediterraneanandthemakingofglobalradicalism,1860–
1914/ilhamKhuri-Makdisi.
p. cm.
includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-0-520-26201-0(cloth:alk.paper)
1. Radicalism—Egypt—Cairo—history. 2. Radicalism—Egypt—
alexandria—history. 3. Radicalism—lebanon—beirut—history.
4. Cairo(Egypt)—history. 5. alexandria(Egypt)—history. 6. beirut
(lebanon)—history. i. Title.
hn786.c3k48 2010
303.48'4095609034—dc22 2009035397
ManufacturedintheUnitedstatesofamerica
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ThisbookisprintedonCascadesEnviro100,a100%postconsumerwaste,
recycled,de-inkedfiber.fsCrecycledcertifiedandprocessedchlorinefree.
itisacidfree,Ecologocertified,andmanufacturedbybioGasenergy.
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page v
ToNouhadandKamalMakdisi
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page vi
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
introduction 1
1. Thelatenineteenth-centuryWorldandtheEmergence
ofaGlobalRadicalCulture 15
2. TheNahba,thePress,andtheConstructionanddissemination
ofaRadicalWorldview 35
3. TheaterandRadicalPoliticsinbeirut,Cairo,andalexandria1860–1914 60
4. TheConstructionofTwoRadicalnetworksinbeirutandalexandria 94
5. Workers,laborUnrest,andtheformulationanddissemination
ofRadicalleftistideas 135
Conclusion:deprovincializingtheEasternMediterranean 165
Appendix 173
Notes 175
Bibliography 241
Index 263
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page viii
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page ix
Acknowledgments
asthelongodysseyofconceiving,researching,andcompletingthisbookiscom-
ingtoanend,iwouldliketothankanumberofindividualsandinstitutionswhose
helpandsupporthavebeencrucialatvariousstepsofthisproject.Thisbookfirst
beganasadissertation,andfirstthanksareduetomygraduateadvisorandmem-
bersofmydissertationcommitteeatharvardUniversity’sCenterforMiddleEast-
ernstudiesandthehistorydepartment:mymentor,CemalKafadar,forhisin-
spiration, intellectual stimulus, encouragement to think outside the box, and
unfailingfaithinme;Rogerowenforsharingsomeofhisimmenseknowledgeof
thefieldwithmeandaskingeye-openingandcrucialquestionsthatforcedmeto
thinkthroughmyideaswithgreaterrigor;andsusanMillerforsharingherloveof
andexpertiseinurbanhistoryandprovidingmewithunwaveringsupport.iam
alsoeternallygratefultothelateŞinasiTekinforpatientlytutoringmeinottoman
Turkish,andtobillGranaraforhisfriendshipandsupportovertheyears.Thanks
arealsoduetolaurasaltzandthedissertationsupportgroup,andtoKathyduffin
atharvardUniversity’sWritingCenter.iwouldalsoliketothanktheCenterfor
MiddleEasternstudiesforprovidingmewithadissertationresearchgrantandsum-
merwritinggrantsandnominatingmeforaforeignlanguageareastudiesgrant
mylastyearofwritingthedissertation.
Researchforthisbookwasconductedinanumberofmuch-lovedcitiesandmade
possiblethankstothekindnessandhelpofvariouspeople:inbeirut,thestaffat
theGreekorthodoxarchivesandtheMaronitebishopric,thelebanesenational
archivesinhamra,theaUbarchives,thebeirutPortarchives,theMaqasid,and
thePatriarchalschool;inCairo,thestaffatdaral-Kutubanddaral-Wathaiq,the
libraryattheCollègesainte-famille,andthestaffattheCEdEJandattheaUC
ix
Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean 2/5/10 10:02 AM Page x
x acknowledgments
special Collection library; in alexandria, the wonderfully friendly staff at the
alexandriaMunicipallibrary,whoprovidedmewithanunforgettableworkenvi-
ronment,andthearchivistsofthesyrianorthodoxChurch,whokindlygranted
meaccesstotheirmaterial.Mythankstothestaffatthebaşbakanlıkarchivesin
istanbulandtheMinisterodegliaffariEsteriinRome,andtotheemployeesatthe
PRoinKew.finally,mydeepestgratitudegoestothestaffatWidenerlibraryat
harvard,especiallytothoseatthePhilipsReadingRoom,whichservedasmyhome
awayfromhomeformanyyears.iamalsoforevergratefulfortheheartwarming
hospitalityofdanasajdi,shahabahmed,MalakWahba,haniluqa,andRajaadal
in Cairo; the yammine family in alexandria; Zeynep yürekli, dilek hanım, aslı
niyazioğlu, and Giancarlo Casale in istanbul; and andrea d’avella and Maura
MezzettiinRome.ithankthemallfortheirfriendshipovertheyears.
MythanksalsogotomydepartmentandcolleaguesatnortheasternUniversity,
especiallytomychair,laurafrader,aswellastomycolleaguesKateluongoand
denissullivan,whoseencouragementandsupporthavebeenvitalovertheyears.
iwouldliketothankthehistorydepartment’sgraduatestudentsfortheirstimu-
lating discussions over seminar tables and in my office of matters pertaining to
Mediterraneanhistoriographyandglobalmigration.iamgratefultotheprovost’s
officeforgrantingmeaResearchandscholarshipdevelopmentfund,whichal-
lowedforarchivalresearchinsummer2005.iwasalsoextremelyprivilegedtore-
ceiveaWissenschaftskollegzuberlin’saKMEfellowship(2005–6),whichprovided
mewiththeopportunitytoworkonmybook.iwishtothankmycolleaguesatthe
ZMoinberlin,particularlyUlrikefreitagforhostingmeanddyalahamzahfor
verystimulatingdiscussions,aswellasforherfriendship.Thesameappliestomy
friendsandcolleaguesatWiko:hanyhanafy,Christinehoffmann,GeorgesKhalil,
anddanasajdi.Eachoneofthemknowshowindebtediamtothem,andithank
themfromthebottomofmyheartfortheirintellectualcomplicity,academichelp,
friendship,andlove.
iamdeeplyindebtedtoallthepeoplewhoreadpartsorallofthemanuscriptat
variousstagesofitsexistenceandprovidedinvaluableadvice:dianaabouali,Cemil
aydın,nancybaker,saharbazzaz,Walidbitar,JuliaClancy-smith,shirinehama-
deh,dyalahamzah,Zachlockman,KamalMakdisi,danasajdi,RhettaWiley,and
sibelZandi-sayek.nowordscanadequatelyexpresswhatioweintellectuallyto
EdmundburkeiiiandUssamaMakdisi,bothofwhomreadentiredraftsmorethan
onceandmadeverysubstantialandhelpfulsuggestions.iamalsoparticularlygrate-
fultoElizabethangell,whohelpedmeconsiderablywithchapter1andeditedother
partsofthefinaldraft.iwouldalsoliketothankthetwoanonymousreviewersat
theUniversityofCaliforniaPressfortheircomments,aswellasnielshooper,nick
arrivo,Cindyfulton,andJudithhooverfortheirsplendideditorialworkandsee-
ingthisbookthroughtocompletion.
Thecommentsandquestionsireceivedfromgraduatestudentsandcolleagues
Description:In this groundbreaking book, Ilham Khuri-Makdisi establishes the existence of a special radical trajectory spanning four continents and linking Beirut, Cairo, and Alexandria between 1860 and 1914. She shows that socialist and anarchist ideas were regularly discussed, disseminated, and reworked among
