Table Of ContentTHB mnmaos of RIVOLUTION:
AN ATTMPT TO TEAOl TEE ESSENTIAL
ALLIANCES OF A BOURGEOIS HEVGLBTICH;
IITH THAT OJ STUART H9GLAND AND
REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA
SERVING AS EXAMPLES
by
1 i ll I am Clarlcin.
Tft©sla preaente£ to %h& leaulty of Arta
of fcfe© University of Ottawa t&rou&h tii©
Department of History ee partial ful
fillment of tins refillr«&*rrts i'or ttoe
d«tgr©@ yf juoetar of ridlosojjtay.
° BIBLIOWlQU£5 ' 1
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ilix-i , ei
/uOttawa
Ottesai, Canada, lv53
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AOTQILS&GLJ-OT
This thesis was wr»p&r«6 und«r tne guldu&oe
of th* »tr#ist©r of th« Institut© of Psychology,
R©v«r«nd Father Itayi&oM H* Seh«YM»ll O,JA«X*
f
Th« writ«r wish©© to thank in parti
cular v//Gdr* Ctooxye Buxton, M.A., B. Litt., whos«
^ati©no«i and gy,l#®nc« h&v* given great encourage
ment. H© wi©fa«® furfcn®xt&©i*& to Uu&k th* Staff
of th« Library of Hunllton Ooll«g«, Clinton, »»Y.,
who Jelndy allow«4 Ms the um of tneir fine
library.
Willies &m*f Clarkin
March 1, 1SBB
•bltoMfeevot Mm York
Aaeuwpfclo® College*
Windacr, mtario,
University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Miohig«n
TASLX OF CORTHSTS
Chapter page
JLMXRGJJUC&%QM • »•••••••*»••»••••*»****•<•<««•.•••«*« y
I. - tAXfflXOH POUER BASIS OF MTOIT . . . . . . . . * . . , . . , ., 1
1. Stuart Upland 1
£• Serolutlonary Aroerioa 14
XI. - 8AV0RZ 0? ASISIOCRACt*^,.
• » » « » * * • « * » ( . » » » » » « • » •»
I l l, - BISTORT ©? AftXSTOCfMCT..**»...•.••»,.••»•,».»»• 34
1. Stuart .England 54
2, Revolutionary ito#ri©& 3$
IT, - ram OF rassnaafT AKCSTOCKAG* .... 47
1, Stuart ^igland 47
£• Revolutionary te©rlca S6
7, - MXST00EATXC5-MSReE&KT AXJUMKCS., ©1
1, Stuart England ©1
8* Revolutionary iteerioa 76
TX. - ilXXABCl WTffi mtOXCH • .*.., * $5
!• 3tuart England. Mi
£• Revolutionary America 120
HI - HmiTAlWrSSOXT POLITICAL FfCXLOSOFBT* .,..*, 150
1, Stuart $nglaa4 13a
2. lefolutionsry i^aerica 18X
COt^GLUSXOKS »»*.*«**»»»»«««#»**«•*#•*•»*»»•**».* 1 »5
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Appendtx
1* The Earl of v&rwiok
2
end was not blind to the merits of Dickens* The elder
Raskin's business made it necessary for him to travel
throughout the British Isles and parts of the continent.
European architecture interested him always and it
delighted him often. John Ruskin, as a boy, travelled
much with his father and, needless to say, inherited
much of his father's enthusiasm.
His mother, who lias been described as a sort
of stupid bigot and bully, was one of those persons
who sets a high standard for herself and is determined
that the members of the family- will attain it too.
Her love for her son was somewhat like that of Lady
Macbeth for the thane of Glamis. She urged him on.
She directed his reading. Her Puritan background
inspired her to have him read the Bible every day and
memorize long passages. In later years Ruskin often
expressed his conviction that the Bible should be
made required reading for everyone. Said het
luy endeavour has been uniformly to make
tliem trust it more deeply than they dot
trust it, no$ in their own favourite
verses only, but in the sum of all {trust
it, not as a fetish or talisman, which
they are to be saved by daily repetition
ofj but as a Captain's order, to be heard
and obeyed at their peril. (1)
By the age of twelve John Ruskin had been through
the Bible six times. It is probably uncharitable
and untrue to describe her as the *' bete-no ire "
of his life. That her love for him was a possessive
Time and Tide The Crown of Wild Olive bv
r t
John Ruskin, LondonsGeorge Allen & Co.,Ltd.,1911,
p. 225.
xmowGTiim vi
In exactly the proper light needed to attract the parties
of the v&rloua alliances whlo& It contrt ot«d. Thug, the
aristocrats could see in the hourgeois fellow~e«#ituilst».
The laboring classes could see in t&tn fellow-Puritan®,
It is the working«out of these alliances, political,
economic, military &ad philoso^hiecl, which the writer
wishes to eaesine* For the structure of these alliances
is the dyaeaiw ^stolen infected the isiddle Classes of this
tl&*» 2he alliances with Puritanism, with political Jesuit*
tm with the aristoeraoy: all of these jrrovidee: the im
§
petus and the direction. The mrlter would like to describe
the inner fabric.
QBAPTSR I
TAXATION POWJCS BA8Z8 UJf K1WCLT: SSULAHD 1
Perhaps no example of the -^buae of history is
more powerful than the famous ship aoney c;;se. The Whig
historians have used this un an example of the cbusive
power of the despotic Jcln$ to wring u:.-sey unjustly i'vcu
unwilling subjects until it has become n nintorle causa
oelebre. The m«tfcer does, Indeed, a^e-jr on the surface
to he an example of naked, despotism, However, careful ex
amination will, the writer feels, show th t such is not
entirely the case. It must ho kept ourtfuliy in mind that
the governments of which <me <*rite were oy no means audern
governments, possessing toe power of .absolute taxation.
The modern idea of taxation, whereby within aiore or less
carefully li&slted boundaries, the sovereign govern&ent takes
whet It needs or wishes from its citizens regularly, sis-
ply did not exist la the time© of whleh we speak.
The power of the English monarchy to tax indis
criminately was unknown fit taut period* As a matter of
fast, the very idea of taxation was an extra-ordinary thing.
It existed, it is true, tout taxation ws*s still not common*
The kings of lurope, for tne woet part, occupied
endowed thrones. Th&t l®, they aeeured the revenues they
needed to conduct .m«ix< governments from their personal
U© *° speak) possessions. The kings, under this system,
TAXATIG! POWSR BASIS OF REVOLT: ENUL/iND £
needed vast estates, the revenues of which could be spent
in maintaining the government. But even here the power
of the Jiin^s was lirJLted, for these royU. cL^uins were
yet completely medievel in charaoter, p&rt and parcel of
the old stsftus: economy.
By the term, status, economy, is si©ant th-'t system,
feudal in origin and development, whereby all t.eii.bori* JI
the community had a definite piuoe in the c^vnunity. This
place or status was governed by definite contract,*? be
tween lel&e and lord whioi. duly ftnd c-irefully ^ti^uiated
the rights and the duties {sometimes Military, ruore often
in the case of the peasantry, economic) which both par
ties, both bound to the land, were to observe.
Therefore, her® was no case, as it is with the
moderns, of the rentsis of an estate fluctuating with the
rise and fall of the purchasing power of iuoney. It is
true, the economy of the Stuart period, becoming more and
more commercial, was nleo oeeo::ln& sor« &nd nore i**iuid.
But contrariwise, the funded establishments (the throne,
the universities, the t&reat landlords, the Church) ^ere
not at all fluid} were on the contrary rigidly rent-oon-
trolled by the medieval feudal syuteia* The rents a land
lord could secure fro® & parcel of 1'ind vere stated ex
actly and definitely t ^n feuaul chururs ;au c^ulu oe
G e
TAJLATIOH POwi3I B/.SK 0? REVOLT I LKGl. UD 3
changed only with difficulty by pt.rxiaDiv-it.ry oiw client,
Hot **nly did tim rising o ^o-oroialis-j of the age
act os the op^o&ite millstone between v.nieh the ^re-t
landlords and the yeomanry were ground, but the tgre'.t in
flux or acid '*'<d silver Jlo-dint, in ? rou. Ruin's Hew ttorld
conquests ucoeieruted -..a lntou«iried t.*ic situ ition.
The only way ..ut i JP „U. ^ru i i^ncuurds w.-y to
join, as it were, bi>e o^^.osition, i.e., oeouue part and
|»arcel of the new coi^ercihl system itself, weeding
entrepreneurs x'ir~t *nd landlords SuCu.„d. ima tnis, us
shall be seen, is precisely wb>t r.?uay of the^ did.
It was not, however, entirely possible for either
the Gronn or ^he Church to Ao this on thoir >>urt. I'or
neither of these could lend itself well to sither iianu-
faotuxiag or commerce, li.e*, not, .it least, until tne
more or less complete development of the modern corpora
tion, within whose stock-ownership rather complete anony
mity and moral passivity could be found.).
Since, therefore, the Crown i&as unable to v.&&t the
rising co&t of the services it rendered wiua ti*e inoono
it derrived froaa its static exidonft-outb, JIW sinoe cue in
creased military activity of thu tiies tThirty Year's v. -r,
Piracy, ebo.) desaanded that it .iut only refrain _'ruj cut
ting dovos on these services but a v extend thea, it be-
iS
