THE DYNAMIC CONSTITUTION: An Introduction to American Constitutional Law

360 Pages·2006·2.24 MB·English

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The Dynamic Constitution
In this book Harvard law professor Richard H. Fallon, Jr., introduces
nonlawyerstotheworkingsofAmericanConstitutionalLaw.Hewrites
withclarityandvigoraboutleadingconstitutionaldoctrinesandissues,
includingthefreedomofspeech,thefreedomofreligion,theguarantee
ofequalprotection,rightstofairprocedures,andrightstoprivacyand
sexualautonomy.Alongtheway,Fallondescribesmanyofthefascinat-
ingcasesandpersonalitiesthathaveshapedconstitutionallaw.Heshows
howhistorical,cultural,andotherfactorshaveinfluencedconstitutional
adjudication,makingclearthedynamicnatureoftheConstitution.For
both the courts and the American people, Fallon argues, the Consti-
tution must serve as a dynamic document that adapts to the changing
conditionsinherentinhumanaffairs.Fallongoesontodefenddynamic
constitutionalismbyconfrontingheadontheconcernsthatsomecritics
haveraised.
RichardH.Fallon,Jr.,istheRalphS.TylerProfessorofConstitutional
LawattheHarvardLawSchool.HeearnedhisB.A.fromYaleUniver-
sity, matriculated as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, and then
took hislegaleducationattheYaleLaw School. Widely knownforhis
expertise in constitutional law and the federal courts, Fallon has been
a valuable advisor to many organizations and litigants facing constitu-
tional issues. Professor Fallon is also an accomplished educator. He is
coeditor of a leading constitutional law case book, and he was voted
themostoutstandingteacherontheHarvardLawSchoolfacultybythe
2000graduatingclass.BornandraisedinMaine,DickFallonnowlives
withhisfamilyinBelmont,Massachusetts.
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THE DYNAMIC
CONSTITUTION
An Introduction to American
Constitutional Law
Richard H. Fallon, Jr.
HarvardUniversity
iii
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521840941
© Richard H. Fallon, Jr. 2004
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2004
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For Jenny
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Contents
Preface page xi
Prologue:Bushv.Gore xv
Introduction: TheDynamicConstitution 1
History 2
OriginalConstitutionalDesign 4
TheConstitutionasHigherLaw:Foundationsof
JudicialReview 9
Marburyv.Madison:AnEnduringSymbolof
JudicialPower 10
PoliticsandJudicialReview 14
APreliminaryPerspectiveonHowtheSupremeCourt
InterpretstheConstitution 16
ABriefHistoryofJudicialReview 19
AnOutlineofWhatIstoCome 26
PartI: IndividualRightsUndertheConstitution
1 FreedomofSpeech 31
TheFoundationsofModernDoctrine 32
ProximateOriginsofModernDoctrine 34
ExpressiveConduct 42
ShockingandOffensiveSpeech 44
RemainingUnprotectedCategories,IncludingObscenity 45
CommercialSpeech 48
TheBroadcastMedia 51
FreedomtoAssociateandNottoAssociate 53
ConcludingNote 55
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contents
2 FreedomofReligion 57
IntroductiontotheEstablishmentClause 59
ReligioninthePublicSchools 61
GovernmentalAidtoReligiousInstitutions 63
TheFreeExerciseClause 67
VoluntaryGovernmentalAccommodationsofReligion 71
TensionsBetweentheFreeExerciseand
EstablishmentClauses 72
3 ProtectionofEconomicLiberties 75
EarlyHistory 76
TheFourteenthAmendment 78
SubstantiveDueProcess 81
ModernContractsClauseDoctrine 86
TheTakingsClause 87
ConcludingThoughts 89
4 RightstoFairProcedures 91
ProceduralRightsinCriminalCases 92
Time,Elections,andChange 97
TheLawontheBooksversustheLawinPractice 98
ProceduralRightsinCivilCases 100
DueProcessinAdministrativeProceedings 101
5 EqualProtectionoftheLaws 106
EqualProtectionandtheConstitution 109
RationalBasisReview 111
RaceandtheConstitution:InvidiousDiscrimination 114
RaceandtheConstitution:DisparateImpact 122
AffirmativeAction 123
GenderandtheConstitution 129
DiscriminationAgainstHomosexuals 133
Conclusion 136
6 FundamentalRights 138
TheIdeaofFundamentalRights 140
SexualPrivacyorAutonomy 142
Roev.WadeandAbortionRights 144
GayRights 147
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