The dissection of vertebrates : a laboratory manual

298 Pages·2007·174.409 MB·English

by  Gerardo de Iuliis & Gerald Deiuliis & Dino Pulera

The Dissection
of Vertebrates
A Laboratory Manual

The Dissection
of Vertebrates
A Laboratory Manual
Gerardo De Iuliis, PhD
University of Toronto
and George Brown College of Applied Arts and Technology
Dino Pulerà, MScBMC, CMI
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This book is for our spouses,
Virginia and Cinzia,
and children,
Daniel, Theodore, and Jacob,
who are our loves and our lives
With deep respect, admiration, and gratitude, we dedicate this book to three teachers at the
University of Toronto that early on in our academic careers instilled in us a passion for
anatomy, paleontology, and art, as well as the intellectual discipline required to make
them our careers. Their contributions are to be seen throughout the following pages.
Charles S. (Rufus) Churcher
Stephen G. Gilbert
Thomas S. Parsons
To our readers:
Despite our best efforts, there are bound to be errors that escaped our
notice, and we would appreciate being informed of these. We encourage
you to contact us directly with your comments, suggestions, and
possible ideas of text and illustrations for future editions of this book.
We look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
Dr. Gerry De Iuliis
[email protected]
Dino Pulerà
[email protected]
C
ONTENTS
Contents Guide xi Vertebrae and Fins 31
Preface xiii Key Terms: Skeleton 33
Acknowledgments xvii Section II—External Anatomy 35
Introduction xix
Key Terms: External Anatomy 37
Section III—Muscular System 39
CHAPTER 1
Trunk and Appendicular Muscles 39
THE CRANIATA AND VERTEBRATA
Muscles of the Head and
Branchial Region 40
Phylogeny and Classification 1
Branchiomeric Musculature 40
Vertebrate Relatives 4 Hypobranchial Musculature 43
Key Terms: Muscular System 45
Craniates and Vertebrates 7
Section IV—Digestive and
Early Stages in the Evolution
Respiratory Systems 45
of Vertebrates 8
Key Terms: Digestive and
Vertebrata 8
Respiratory Systems 50
Section V—Cardiovascular System 51
CHAPTER 2
Heart and Arterial Circulation 51
THE LAMPREY Heart 51
Arteries of the Branchial Region 51
Introduction 19
Branches of the Dorsal Aorta 52
Section I—Skeleton 19 Venous Circulation 55
Hepatic Portal System 55
Section II—External Anatomy 20
Renal Portal System 58
Section III—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity Systemic Veins 58
and Viscera 21 Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 59
Section IV—Sagittal Section 22 Section VI—Urogenital System 59
Key Terms: Lamprey 26 Male Urogenital System 62
Key Terms: Male Urogenital System 62
CHAPTER 3 Female Reproductive System 62
THE SHARK Key Terms: Female Reproductive System 63
Section VII—Sensory Organs 63
Introduction 27
Ampullae of Lorenzini 63
Section I—Skeleton 27 Lateral Line System 63
Chondrocranium 28 Nose 63
Splanchnocranium 28 Eye 63
vii
Ear 67 Section II—External Anatomy 94
Key Terms: Sensory Organs 68 Key Terms: External Anatomy 95
Section VIII—Brain and Cranial Nerves 70 Section III—Mouth, Oral Cavity,
Brain 71 and Pharynx 95
Cranial Nerves (CNN 0, I–X, and Key Terms: Mouth, Oral Cavity,
Lateral Line Nerves) 73 and Pharynx 96
Ventral View of the Brain 75 Section IV—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
Sagittal Section of the Brain 76 and Viscera 96
Key Terms: Brain and Cranial Nerves 76 Key Terms: Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
and Viscera 98
CHAPTER 4 Section V—Urogenital System 98
THE PERCH Male Urogenital System 102
Female Urogenital System 102
Introduction 77
Key Terms: Urogenital System 102
Section I—Skeleton 77
Section VI—Cardiovascular System 102
Skull 77
Heart 102
Key Terms: Skull 79
Venous System 102
Postcranial Skeleton 80
Arterial System 105
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 80
Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 107
Section II—External Anatomy 81
Key Terms: External Anatomy 82
CHAPTER 6
Section III—Mouth, Oral Cavity,
and Pharynx 82 THE FROG
Key Terms: Mouth, Oral Cavity,
Introduction 113
and Pharynx 83
Section I—Skeleton 113
Section IV—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
and Viscera 83 Skull, Mandible, and Hyoid Apparatus 113
Key Terms: Skull, Mandible, and
Key Terms: Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
Hyoid Apparatus 116
and Viscera 87
Postcranial Skeleton 117
CHAPTER 5 Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 118
THE MUDPUPPY Section II—External Anatomy 118
Key Terms: External Anatomy 120
Introduction 89
Section III—Mouth, Oral Cavity,
Section I—Skeleton 89
and Pharynx 120
Cranial Skeleton 89
Key Terms: Mouth, Oral Cavity,
Skull 89 and Pharynx 120
Mandible 90
Section IV—Pleuroperitoneal Cavity,
Hyoid Apparatus 91
Viscera, and Urogenital System 120
Key Terms: Cranial Skeleton 91
Key Terms: Pleuroperitoneal Cavity,
Postcranial Skeleton 92
Viscera, and Urogenital System 125
Axial Skeleton 92
Appendicular Skeleton 92 Section V—Cardiovascular System 125
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 92 Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 130
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 7 Muscles of the Hind Limb 165
THE CAT Superficial Hind Limb Muscles: Lateral View 165
Superficial Hind Limb Muscles: Medial View 166
Deep Hind Limb Muscles: Lateral View 168
Introduction 131
Deep Hind Limb Muscles: Medial View 171
Section I—Skeleton 132
Key Terms: Muscles of the Hind Limb 173
Cranial Skeleton 132 Muscles of the Head and Trunk 174
Skull 132 Muscles of the Trunk 174
Muscles of the Back and Neck 174
Mandible 138
Muscles of the Throat and Jaw 178
Hyoid Apparatus 139
Key Terms: Muscles of the Head and Trunk 180
Key Terms: Cranial Skeleton 139
Postcranial Skeleton 140 Section IV—Digestive and
Vertebral Column 140 Respiratory Systems 180
Cervical Vertebrae 140
Salivary Glands 180
Thoracic Vertebrae 141
Oral Cavity and Pharynx 180
Lumbar Vertebrae 142
Sacral Vertebrae 142 Pericardial Cavity 186
Caudal Vertebrae 143
Abdominopelvic Cavity 186
Ribs 144
Key Terms: Digestive and Respiratory Systems 194
Sternum 144
Forelimb 144 Section V—Cardiovascular System 194
Scapula 144
Heart 194
Clavicle 145
Vessels 195
Humerus 145
Ulna 146 Main Vessels Associated with the Heart 195
Radius 146 Vessels Anterior to the Diaphragm 195
Manus 147 Vessels Posterior to the Diaphragm 201
Hind Limb 147 Vessels Associated with the Viscera 205
Pelvis 147
Key Terms: Cardiovascular System 207
Femur 147
Patella 148 Section VI—Urogenital System 212
Tibia 148
Excretory System 212
Fibula 149
Key Terms: Excretory System 214
Pes 149
Key Terms: Postcranial Skeleton 150 Male Reproductive System 214
Opening the Pelvic Canal 216
Section II—External Anatomy 151
Male Reproductive System, Continued 216
Key Terms: External Anatomy 152
Key Terms: Male Reproductive System 216
Section III—Muscular System 153
Female Reproductive System 216
Muscle Terminology 153 Key Terms: Female Reproductive System 217
Connective Tissue and Fiber Direction 153
Section VII—Brain and Cranial Nerves 218
Key Terms: Muscular System 153
Meninges 218
Subdivision of the Musculature 153
Telencephalon 218
Skinning the Cat 153
Diencephalon 220
Appendicular Musculature 158
Mesencephalon 222
Muscles of the Forelimb 158
Metencephalon 222
Superficial Forelimb Muscles: Lateral View 158
Superficial Forelimb Muscles: Ventral View 160 Myelencephalon 222
Deep Forelimb Muscles: Lateral View 160
Sagittal Section of the Brain 222
Deep Forelimb Muscles: Lateral View
with Forelimb Abducted 163 Cranial Nerves 224
Key Terms: Muscles of the Forelimb 165 Key Terms: Brain and Cranial Nerves 224
CONTENTS ix