The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin

342 Pages·2009·36.6 MB·English

THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL
The history ofBone A.D. 1775-1795:
The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin
being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of
Doctor ofPhilosophy
in the Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University ofHull
by
Rahilah Omar
B.A. (Hons) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
M.A. University ofHull
November 2003
1
Acknowledgements
Throughout the course of my Doctoral study, and in all the places it has taken me, I
have met with great generosity ofspirit and willingness to help. I would like to thank all
those without whose individual contributions the completion of this thesis would not
have been possible.
I am greatly indebted to the University Kebangsaan Malaysia for its generous
sponsorship of my study. My special thanks are due to the Head of the Department of
History, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, and to the departmental staff members, for
their understanding and support in making it possible for me to complete this research.
I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr. LA. Caldwell, who, as well as being my mentor.
has been a good friend. Dr. Caldwell has tirelessly provided advice and guidance, and
taught me never to underestimate the value of knowledge. To him I would like to say
'Terima kasih yang tidak terhingga'.
Throughout my research activities I have had the assistance of many different
institutions and individuals. I take this opportunity to thank:
The staffofthe Centre for Southeast Asian Studies for their support, assistance, and
encouragement during the writing ofthe thesis;
The Department ofDutch Studies at the University ofHull deserves special mention.
Prof. B.S. Schludermann and Dr. R.M. Vismans have helped me enormously by
organising appropriate language training, including a course on Dutch for historians.
Special thanks go to Agaath de Vries for her help in translating source materials and to
Madeleine Lee for her help in interpreting Dutch manuscripts. To all four I would like
to say: "Bedankt, lieve mensen".
The staffofthe BrYlllllore Jones Library at the University ofHull;
The staff of the Oriental and Indian Office Library in the British Library, in
particular Dr. Annabel Gallop, Curator for the Indonesian and Malay Manuscripts, who
gave me much help, advice and encouragement;
The staff of the library of the School for Oriental and African Studies at the
University ofLondon, and the staffofthe Royal Asiatic Society in London.
In the Netherlands, too, are people and institutions to whom I am indebted:
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Roger Tol, the Senior Librarian of the
Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-, Land, en Volkenkunde, for the assistance given to me
during the time I spent there, and to the staffofthe Institute;
The staff of the library of the State University of Leiden and to the staff of the
Algemeen Rijksarchiefin The Hague.
In Indonesia and in Malaysia, I would like to thank the following people:
Dr. Mukhlis Paeni, Director of the National Archives, and the staff, and the staff at
the National Archive in Makassar. South Sulawesi:
The staffat the Manuscript Collections ofthe National Library of Indonesia
The staffofthe library of Universitas Indonesia
·.
11
The staffofthe library ofUniversitas Gadja Mada
The staffofthe library ofthe University ofMalaya.
I would like to thank the staff of the several institutions in South Sulawesi: In
Makassar, the staff at Balai Pengembangan Budaya dan Bahasa, the Museum of Fort
Rotterdam, Universitas Hasanuddin, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Perpustakaan Negeri
Sulawesi Selatan, the Department of Census and Statistics of South Sulawesi. the
Department of Agriculture of South Sulawesi, and the Department of Education and
Culture of South Sulawesi. In Bone, my special thanks go to the Bupati of Bone, the
Head of the Department of Education, kabupaten Bone, the Head of the Department of
Agriculture, kabupaten Bone and the Head ofJustice, kabupaten Bone.
I am greatly indebted to Drs. Muhlis Hadrawi, my Bugis teacher, who was
extremely helpful in providing information and who was always willing to accompany
me during fieldwork. I am also indebted to Prof. Dr. Ide Said, Petta Nompok Andi
Muhamad Ali, Ustaz Kassim and Drs. Muhammad Salim for helping me to source and
to read Bugis materials.
I would also like to acknowledge the contributions ofthe following people:
My special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Teuku Ibrahim Alfian who treated me as his own
daughter who supported and advised me on my research and throughout the writing of
my thesis.
Pak Sirtjo, Ibu Ice, Ibu Rosemary, Hans and Cici, who helped me to feel at home
and who made difficult times easier when I was in Leiden.
Pak Ali and family with whom I stayed during my research at Jakarta.
My thanks go to Dr. Alimin and family who willingly accommodated me, and to the
staffmembers at Wisma Rektor where I stayed when I arrived in the city.
In Bone: I am grateful to Petta Awampone Andi Mappasissi Andi Mappasere and
family with whom I stayed and from whom I learnt about Bugis cultural practices. Also
to Tante Mame and family whom I regard as my family and who provided much help. I
would also like to thank Bapak Puang Haji Andi Samsuddin and family, Ustaz Ahmad
and family, Ustaz Ismail, Ir. Haji Ariswan, Usman, Nur Fatin, Rahmayani, Basiah,
Atika and Jumiah. My friends Sue, Kaya, Peter, Dinar, Steve, Helmi, Hizam, Wan
Asma', Farida, Rokiah and Rose, I thank their generosity and encouragement.
My family have given me great support, morally and financially throughout my
study. I would like to express my gratitude to my husband, Nabil, and also to my
mother-in-law for her help in looking after my son when I was away. To my son,
Safwan, who has had to make his own sacrifices at such a young age, thank you so
much for your cooperation and understanding. Lastly, to my parents who have always
been my source of inspiration and who are always comforting, I thank both of you and
may Allah bestow us with His blessings. I may have omitted some names but I will
never forget all the assistance, and the friendships that I have been given. Barakallah
H'a Jazakallahu khairan kathira.
I dedicate this work to the Bugis people. '"'Tak kenai maka tak cinta".
111
Abstract
This thesis uses an interdisciplinary approach, combining the findings of
anthropology with historical and archival research, to evaluate Bugis diaries
to provide historical information relating to the kingdom of Bone in the late
eighteenth century. The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh, which covers the
period 1775 to 1795, forms the primary material for the study, and is
examined alongside other, selected Bugis diaries.
The first three chapters form the conceptual framework against which the
Bugis diary must be understood. The methodology is set out in Chapter One.
The second chapter provides historical, geographical and ethnological
information about South Sulawesi; it introduces the Bugis and the regency
ofBone, and discusses Bugis written tradition and the knowledge it reflects.
Chapter Three is concerned with the Bugis language, its origin and the
development of the written script. The specificity of the Bugis diaries as a
distinct category ofindigenous written works is discussed.
Chapters Four, Five and Six apply the methodology to the diary of Sultan
Ahmad as-Salleh, cross-referencing its entries to other contemporary
primary sources. Throughout, the function of the court diary is considered,
and its limitations, most notably concerning the objectivity, are identified
and discussed. Chapter Four examines the political life of Bone, the most
powerful and important of the Bugis kingdoms of South Sulawesi in the
eighteenth century. Centering on particular episodes that occurred during his
reign, the reliability of the king's diary is tested. In Chapter Five,
information from the diary is used to produce an account ofthe economy of
Bone and to describe a number oftraditional economic practices ofthe inner
circle at court. Chapter Six analyses what can be learned from his diary of
the diverse social, cultural and religious practices in which the king was
involved.
Chapter Seven, in conclusion, reflects on the character of Sultan Ahmad as
Salleh, who ruled Bone from 1775 until his death in 1812. No physical
memory of him has survived in South Sulawesi. His memorial is his diary
and the light that it sheds on Bone's past.
I\"
CONTENTS
Pages
Acknowledgements
I
Abstract
111
List ofcontents
IV
List ofabbreviations Vlll
List offigures x
List ofmaps Xl
List oftables XlI
Chapter One: Background 1
1.0 Research objectives 1
1.1 Research methodology 1
1.2 Area ofstudy 2
1.3 The diary ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh 2
1.4 Problems ofresearch 3
1.5 Structure and layout ofthe thesis 3
Chapter Two: The Bugis and their writing culture 5
2.0 Introduction 5
2.1 South Sulawesi: a general overview 5
2.1.1 The Bugis ofSouth Sulawesi 8
2.1.2 The regency ofBone 10
') ') The writing culture ofthe Bugis 12
2.2.1 The development ofthe Bugis written tradition 13
2.2.2 The Bugis writings 16
2.3 Literature review 17
2.4 Summary and conclusions 22
v
Chapter Three: The Bugis diaries 23
3.0 Introduction 23
3.1 Philological introduction 23
3.2 Historical background ofthe Bugis diaries 24
3.3 The Bugis scripts and its development 28
3.4 The Bugis diaries: a general overview 30
3.5 The BL MS. Add. 12354, the DAS 32
3.5.1 The script and the language ofDAS 35
3.5.2 The layout ofthe diary 38
3.5.3 The contents ofDAS 40
3.6 The hUang 42
3.7 The Bugis diary: identifying the 'moment in time' 45
3.8 Summary and conclusions 47
Chapter Four: The diary as a historical text: Political events 48
4.0 Introduction 48
4.1 The death ofSultan Abdul Razak and the election ofSultan Ahmad
as-Salleh as the Crown Prince 48
4.1.1 The ancestry ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh 50
4.1.2 The election ofAhmad as-Salleh as the twenty-third Arumpone 52
4.1.3 The 100 days ofmourning 56
4.1.4 The early months ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh as Arumpone 63
4.2 I Sangkilang: pretender to the throne ofGowa 65
4.2.1 I Sangkilang: the persona 67
4.2.2 The cause ofthe downfall ofGowa 68
4.2.3 The key role ofArung Palakka 72
4.3 The involvement ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh in Gowa's crisis 75
4.3.1 DAS' account ofevents following the fall ofGowa in 1778 78
4.3.2 A review ofI Sangkilang's rebellion 80
4.4 The regalia ofGowa: a conflict 80
4.4.1 The appointments ofthe Governor ofMakassar and the ruler ofGowa 81
4.4.2 The question ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh's dual rulership 84
4.4.3 The contest for the sudang 87
4.4.4 The submission ofthe hill Makasars to the Company 90
4.4.5 The issue ofthe sudang: a hidden agenda 91
4.4.6 The sudang: a drawn-out affair 94
4.5 Summary and conclusions 96
Chapter Five: The diary as a historical text: Events on economy 98
5.0 Introduction 98
5.1 The economy ofthe Bugis: an introduction 98
5.1.2 Description ofagricultural produce 100
5.1.3 Trade and commodities 102
5.2 DAS on the economy ofBone 103
5.2.1 Subsistence ofagriculture: The cultivation ofwet-rice 104
5.2.2 Agricultural rites and the annual cycle ofrice cultivation 108
5.2.3 The labour economy 110
5.2.4 Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh's ownership ofrice-fields 111
5.2.5 The Arumpone's revenues from rice cultivation 112
5.2.6 Fish and fish fanning 116
5.2.7 Types offishing equipment 117
5.2.8 Other activities relating to fishing 120
5.3 Land and the kasuwiyang 121
5.3.1 Types ofland 121
5.3.2 The kasuwiyang 124
5.3.3 Land taxes and disputes over land 132
5.3.4 A personal conflict with thepaghter, Intje' Sadulla 141
5.4 Trade 143
5.4.1 The decline ofthe VOC 143
5.4.2 Types ofcurrency used 145
5.4.3 Agreements and disputes on trading 147
5.4.4 DAS on the Chinese communities 152
5.5 Slavery 154
5.5.1 The tenninology ofslavery in DAS 155
5.5.2 Downward social mobility: from freeman to slave 158
5.5.3 Upwards social mobility: from slave to favoured servant or freeman 163
5.5.4 DAS as a record on slaves 165
5.5.5 DAS on the economic importance ofslaves 169
5.6 Other revenues 176
5.6.1 Grant from the Dutch 176
5.6.2 Tax from the Cenrana river toll bar 177
5.6.3 Financial penalties and gambling revenues 180
5.6.4 Deer hunting 198
5.7 Summary and conclusions 190
Chapter Six: The diary as a historical text: Social and cultural events 193
6.0 Introduction 193
6.1 Bugis society: Social hierarchy 193
6.1.1 The social status in Bone as exhibited in official office 196
6.2 Kinship in Bone 199
6.3 DAS on material culture 203
..
VII
6.3.1 Rites ofpassage on birth -10'"
.)
6.3.2 Royal births and post natal mortalities 205
6.3.3 Marriage and divorce in Bugis society 206
6.3.4 Dowries as status sYmbols 208
6.3.5 The wedding 210
6.3.6 Traditional customs after the wedding ceremony 213
6.3.7 Divorce and polygamy among members ofthe court ofBone 21.+
6.4 DAS on non-material culture 218
6.4.1 Performing arts 218
6.4.2 Types ofdances and their purposes 219
6.5 Scribal activities 224
6.5.1 Literary activities in the court ofBone 225
6.5.2 Hobbies and leisure activities 231
6.5.2.1 Cock-fighting 232
6.5.2.2 Horse riding 23.+
6.5.2.3 River sailing 239
6.6 Religious activities 244
6.6.1 The hajj 244
6.6.2 DAS on hajj 245
6.6.3 The official procedure on hajj in the eighteenth century 247
6.6.4 International relations between Bone and Mecca 248
6.6.5 Activities during the fasting month ofRamadhan 250
6.6.6 The Khalwatiyyah tariqa in Bone 252
6.7 The tradition ofmangngaruq 254
6.7.1 The investiture ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh 257
6.8 The tradition ofgiving and receiving gifts 263
6.8.1 The social SYmbolism ofgifts 266
6.8.2 Types ofgifts 269
6.9 Summary and conclusions 273
Chapter Seven: Conclusions 275
Bibliography 281
Glossary 309
Appendices:
a. Genealogies ofthe rulers ofBone from the first ruler to
post independence Indonesia 319
b. The family tree ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh 320
c. Photographs 321
n11
List ofabbreviations
A.D. Anno Domini (Christian Era)
A.H. Anno Hijrah (Muslim Calendar)
a.m. before noon
anon. anonymous
ANRI Arsip Nasional RepublikIndonesia (Archive National Republic
ofIndonesia)
Ar. Arab
B.C. Before Christ
BKI Bijdragen Tot de Taal, Land-en Volkenkunde
BL British Library
B. Bugis
c. czrca
cf confer
D. Dutch
DAS Diary ofSultan Ahmad as-Salleh
Depdikbud Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Department of
Education and Culture)
DJM Diary ofJennang ofMaros
DoM Diary ofMaqdanrang
DTM Diary ofTomarilalang Maiolo
EEIC English East India Company
F./ Fols Folio(s)
Fr. French
H. Hijrah, Muslim calendar
Id. Indonesia
JAS Journal ofAsian Studies
JMBRAS Journal ofthe Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society
JSEAH Journal ofSoutheast Asian History
JSEAS Journal ofSoutheast Asian Studies
Kg. Kilogrammes
KITLV Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-, Land,- en Volkenkunde
Mak. Makasar/ Makassar (ofmanuscripts)
Mal. Malay
MS.lMSS Manuscript(s)
n.p no pagination
OIOC Oriental and Indian Office Collections
OR. Oriental Record
p.m. after noon
PBUH Peace Be Upon Him
PNI Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia
P. Portuguese
r. recto ofa page; reigned
RAS Royal Asiatic Society
RIMA Review ofIndonesian and Malaysian Affairs
SOAS School ofOriental and African Studies
SUSENAS Sun'cj Sosio-Ekonomi Nasional
LX
TNI Tijdschrift voor Taal-, Land, en Volkenkunde ,'an lVederlansch
Indie
UM University ofMalaya
UnHas Universitas Hasanuddin
UP Ujung Pandang (former name ofMakassar)
v. verso ofa page
VOC Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
YKSST Yayasan Kebudayaan Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara