Table Of ContentTHE DESIGN OF COMPETITION LAW INSTITUTIONS
LAW AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE SERIES
Editors:
AndrewHurrell,BenedictKingsbury,andRichardB.Stewart
Global governance involves the exercise of power, beyond a single state, to influ-
ence behaviour, to generate resources, or to allocate authority. Regulatory struc-
tures, and law of all kinds, increasingly shape the nature, use, and effects of such
power. These dynamic processes of ordering and governance blend the extra-
nationalwiththenational,thepublicwiththeprivate,thepoliticalandeconomic
withthesocialandcultural.Issuesofeffectiveness,justice,voice,andinequalityin
theseprocessesaregrowinginimportance.Thisseriesfeaturesexceptionalworksof
original research and theory—both sector-specific and conceptual—that carry
forward the serious understanding and evaluation of these processes of global
governance and the role of law and institutions within them. Contributions from
all disciplines are welcomed. The series aims especially to deepen scholarship and
thinking in international law, international politics, comparative law and politics,
and public and private global regulation. A major goal is to study governance
globally, and to enrich the literature on law and the nature and effects of global
governancebeyondtheNorthAtlanticregion.
alsopublishedintheseries
GovernancebyIndicators
GlobalPowerthroughQuantificationandRankings
Edited by Kevin E. Davis, Angelina Fisher, Benedict Kingsbury, and Sally Engle
Merry
The Design of
Competition Law
Institutions
Global Norms, Local Choices
Editedby
ELEANOR M. FOX
and
MICHAEL J. TREBILCOCK
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP,
UnitedKingdom
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,
andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof
OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries
#Thevariouscontributors2013
Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted
FirstEditionpublishedin2013
Impression:1
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe
priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted
bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics
rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe
aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe
addressabove
Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform
andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer
CrowncopyrightmaterialisreproducedunderClassLicence
NumberC01P0000148withthepermissionofOPSI
andtheQueen’sPrinterforScotland
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Dataavailable
ISBN 978–0–19–967004–8
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby
CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge with much gratitude the generous financial assistance of the
International Development Research Centre of Ottawa, Canada, and the special
helpandadviceofSusanJoekes,SeniorProgramSpecialistatIDRC.
Weacknowledge,also,thesummerresearchsupportoftheFilomenD’Agostino
andMaxE.GreenbergFoundation.
We owe many personal debts. Many thanks to Professors Richard Stewart and
Benedict Kingsbury, founders of the project on Global Administrative Law, for
sparking the GAL competition project and giving us inspiration and guidance
throughout; to Megan Donaldson of NYU’s Institute for International Law and
Justiceforheradministrationoftheproject;toNYULawgraduatestudentsMarcos
Exposto Jr., Kojiro Fujii, Shashank Gautum, and Tara Kelly for their excellent
assistance at the various stages of the project; and of course to the whole GAL
competitionprojectteam,theauthorsofthechaptersfromaroundtheworld,with
whomweworkedintensivelytobringtheprojectandbooktofruition.Thanksalso
toourNYUassistant,LindaSmalls,forhertirelessworkoncoordinatingthemany
pieces.
EleanorM.Fox
NewYork,NewYork
MichaelJ.Trebilcock
Toronto,Canada
May2012
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
ListofContributors xi
ListofAbbreviations xiii
1. Introduction:TheGALCompetitionProject:TheGlobal
ConvergenceofProcessNorms 1
EleanorM.FoxandMichaelJ.Trebilcock
I. Thebirthandevolutionoftheproject 1
II. Themes—Asynthesis 4
III. Summariesofcountry/jurisdictionalstudies 12
IV. Concludingreflections 44
Appendix:TheTemplate—OutlineofElementsAddressed
intheJurisdictionalStudies 47
History 47
Structure 47
Mandateandboundariesofthecompetitionauthority 47
Proceduralcharacteristics 47
Criticalevaluation 48
2. AustraliaandNewZealand:TheirCompetitionLawSystemsandthe
Countries’Norms 49
SimonPeart
I. Competitionlawenforcementandgovernance:Australia
andNewZealand 49
II. Structure 56
III. Mandateandcentralsubstantiveprovisions 66
IV. Proceduralcharacteristics 74
V. Criticalevaluation 105
3. Canada:TheCompetitionLawSystemandtheCountry’sNorms 109
EdwardIacobucciandMichaelJ.Trebilcock
I. History 109
II. Structure 112
III. Mandate 119
IV. Proceduralcharacteristics 125
V. CriticalreflectionsoninstitutionaldesignissuesinCanadian
competitionpolicy 140
VI. Conclusion 146
viii Contents
4. Chile:TheCompetitionLawSystemandtheCountry’sNorms 149
FranciscoAgüeroandSantiagoMontt
I. Introduction 149
II. History 151
III. Structureandprocedure 154
IV. MandateandboundariesoftheCompetitionAuthority 160
V. Proceduralnorms 163
VI. Criticalevaluation 183
Annex 186
Generalmethodologicalaspects 186
Qualitativemethodologytechniques:Interviewsanddocumentanalysis 186
Quantitativemethodologytechnique:Survey 187
NationalEconomicProsecutor’sOffice(NEPO) 188
CompetitionTribunal 190
5. China:TheCompetitionLawSystemandtheCountry’sNorms 194
JessicaSuandXiaoyeWang
I. History 194
II. Structure 202
III. MandateandboundariesoftheAnti-Monopoly
EnforcementAgencies 211
IV. Proceduralcharacteristics 217
V. Criticalevaluation 227
6. Japan:TheCompetitionLawSystemandtheCountry’sNorms 232
HarryFirstandTadashiShiraishi
I. Historyofantitrustenforcement 232
II. Institutionalstructure 236
III. Mandate 237
IV. ProceduralcharacteristicsofJapan’senforcementsystem 240
V. Evaluationandpotentialreforms 262
VI. Conclusion 264
7. SouthAfrica:TheCompetitionLawSystemandtheCountry’sNorms 266
DennisDavisandLaraGranville
I. Historyandstructure 266
II. Mandateofthecompetitionauthorities 271
III. Proceduralnorms 281
IV. Criticalevaluation 325
8. TheUnitedStates:TheCompetitionLawSystemandthe
Country’sNorms 329
HarryFirst,EleanorM.Fox,andDanielE.Hemli
I. Thehistoryofantitrustenforcement 329
II. Institutionalstructure 334
Contents ix
III. Competitionmandate 340
IV. ProceduralcharacteristicsoftheUSenforcementsystem 344
V. Evaluation 379
VI. Conclusion 383
9. TheEuropeanUnion:TheCompetitionLawSystemandthe
Union’sNorms 384
IoannisLianosandAriannaAndreangeli
I. Institutionalstructureandinstitutionalperformancenorms 384
II. Mandate 405
III. Dueprocessnormsincase-by-casedecision-making 407
IV. Administrativeperformancenorms 432
V. Conclusions:suggestionsforreformandimprovement 436
10. TheInternationalInstitutionsofCompetitionLaw:
TheSystems’Norms 444
EleanorM.FoxandAmedeoArena
I. Introduction 444
II. TheWorldTradeOrganization 447
III. Theotherinternationalinstitutions 476
IV. Findingsandcriticalevaluation 484
Index 489
