The Demographic Transformations of Citizenship

272 Pages·2016·2.727 MB·English

by  Heli Askola

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF CITIZENSHIP
TheDemographicTransformationsofCitizenshipexamineshowattemptsby
contemporarystatestogoverndemographicanxietiesareshapingideas
aboutcitizenshipbothasaboundary-maintainingmechanismandasan
ideal of equal membership. These anxieties, while most often centred
uponimmigration,alsostemfromotherdemographicchangesunfolding
incontemporarystates–mostnotably,thelongstandingtrendtowards
lowerbirthratesandconsequentpopulationageing.Withattentionto
suchtopicsascontroloverborders,nationalidentity,genderroles,family
life and changing stages of life, Askola examines the impact of demo-
graphic changes, including but not limited to immigration. Drawing
fromavarietyofdisciplines,including law,demography andsociology,
thisbookdiscusseshoweffortstomanagedemographicanxietiesarepro-
foundlyalteringideasaboutcitizenshipandbelonging.
drheliaskola’sbackgroundasaninternationalmigrantinformsboth
herresearchandherteaching.HavinglefthernativeFinlandin2001,
DrAskolahassinceworkedforseveralyearsinItaly,theUnitedKing-
domand,currently,Australia.Hercentralresearchthemeisthestudyof
migrant-receivingstates’managementofinternationalmigration,from
an interdisciplinary and comparative perspective. Her main research
interests are in the areas of immigration and citizenship, trafficking in
humanbeings,EUlaw,genderequality,humanrightsandmulticultur-
alism. She is the author of a number of publications, including a book
ontheEuropeanUnion’sroleincombatingtraffickinginhumanbeings.
Shehastaughtcoursesinmanycountries,includingCanada,Italyand
Malaysia.ShehasalsodoneconsultingworkfortheInternationalOrga-
nization for Migration, the European Commission and the European
Parliamentonareassuchastraffickinginhumanbeings,EUcitizenship,
hatespeechandchildren’srights.
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN LAW AND SOCIETY
Cambridge Studies in Law and Society aims to publish the best scholarly
workonlegaldiscourseandpracticeinitssocialandinstitutionalcon-
texts,combiningtheoreticalinsightsandempiricalresearch.
The fields that it covers are: studies of law in action; the sociology
of law; the anthropology of law; cultural studies of law, including the
roleoflegaldiscoursesinsocialformations;lawandeconomics;lawand
politics;andstudiesofgovernance.Thebooksconsiderallformsoflegal
discourseacrosssocieties,ratherthanbeinglimitedtolawyers’discourses
alone.
The series editors come from a range of disciplines: academic law;
socio-legalstudies;sociology;andanthropology.Allhavebeenactively
involvedinteachingandwritingaboutlawincontext.
SeriesEditors
ChrisArupMonashUniversity,Victoria
SallyEngleMerryNewYorkUniversity
SusanSilbeyMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
Alistofbooksintheseriescanbefoundatthebackofthisbook.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSFORMATIONS OF
CITIZENSHIP
Heli Askola
MonashUniversityFacultyofLaw
Victoria,Australia
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107140790
(cid:2)C HeliAskola2016
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2016
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-107-14079-0Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy
ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements pagevii
1 Introduction 1
DemographicTransformations 4
DemographicGovernance? 12
DemographicGovernanceandCitizenship 18
TheStructureoftheBook 23
2 MissingCitizens?BirthRatesandtheMakingof
NewCitizens 28
Italy:Lamortediunpopolo? 31
TwoDemographicRevolutions 31
ToGovernorNottoGovernNationalReproduction? 39
VariationsonaTheme?Finnish,BritishandAustralianTrajectories 45
CitizenshipandtheGovernanceofNationalReproduction 55
FinalRemarks 66
3 MisguidedCitizens?TransitionsintoAdulthoodand
theManagementofDiversity 67
TheUnitedKingdom:ShapingtheChoicesoftheYoung 70
TroubledYouth?De-standardisedTransitionstoAdulthood 70
GoverningMisguidedYoungCitizens 76
VariationsonaTheme?Australian,ItalianandFinnishTrajectories 85
CitizenshipandtheQualityoftheFutureCitizenry 96
FinalRemarks 105
4 CasualCitizens?TheDesirableLabourMigrantand
ConditionalCitizenship 107
Australia:WelcomeandWanted(ConditionsApply) 110
FromNation-BuildingtoMisgivingsaboutImmigration 110
QualityorQuantity,ImmigrantsorMigrants? 116
VariationsonaTheme?British,ItalianandFinnishTrajectories 125
v
CONTENTS
CitizenshipandtheGovernanceofLabourMigration 137
FinalRemarks 145
5 DepletingCitizens?AgeingPopulations,CareandMigration 147
Finland:WalledorWeakenedWelfare? 150
AgeingPainsofaWelfareState? 150
TheTurnTowardsFamilialism–But‘WhyCan’tGrannyStay’? 157
VariationsonaTheme?Italian,BritishandAustralianTrajectories 167
CitizenshipandtheManagementofAgeingPopulations 177
FinalRemarks 186
6 Conclusion 188
Bibliography 193
Index 247
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IstartedworkonthisbookwhileonsabbaticalfromtheFacultyofLaw
at Monash University in 2012. I am grateful for the financial support
of Monash University and for the help of my colleagues and friends
in the Faculty of Law. I am also indebted to the British Institute of
InternationalandComparativeLawinLondon,wheretheearlypartof
thisresearchwasconducted.
Ihavegivenpapersandpresentationswhichhaveexploreddifferent
aspectsofthisresearchatvariousinternationalfora,includingatIzmir
University (Turkey), the University of Roehampton, the European
UniversityInstituteinFlorenceandCardiffLawSchool.Ihavebene-
fitedgreatlyfromtheconstructivecommentsandquestionsreceivedon
theseoccasions.IamalsogratefultoFinolaO’Sullivanandtheanony-
mous readers for Cambridge University Press for their support for the
project.
Finally, it has been said that authors should dedicate their books to
thepersonwhohadtosuffermostwhiletheywerewriting.Inthatspirit,
thisbookisdedicatedtoMichaelDebenham.
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