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The Definitive Guide to Grails 2 ■ ■ ■ Jeff Scott Brown Graeme Rocher Apress The Definitive Guide to Grails 2 Copyright © 2013 by Jeff Scott Brown and Graeme Rocher This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. ISBN 978-1-4302-4377-9 ISBN 978-1-4302-4378-6(eBook) Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. President and Publisher: Paul Manning Lead Editor: Douglas Pundick Technical Reviewer: Graeme Rocher Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Louise Corrigan, Morgan Ertel, Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, Robert Hutchinson, Michelle Lowman, James Markham, Matthew Moodie, Jeff Olson, Jeffrey Pepper, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Gwenan Spearing, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh Coordinating Editor: Katie Sullivan Copy Editor: Thomas McCarthy Compositor: Bytheway Publishing Services Indexer: SPi Global Artist: SPi Global Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit www. springeronline.com. For information on translations, please e-mail rights@apress.com, or visit www.apress.com. Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Special Bulk Sales–eBook Licensing web page at www.apress.com/bulk-sales. Any source code or other supplementary materials referenced by the author in this text is available to readers at www. apress.com. For detailed information about how to locate your book’s source code, go to www.apress.com/source-code. To Mom. Thanks for everything. —Jeff Scott Brown To Birjinia. Thanks for being you. Maite zaitut. —Graeme Rocher Contents at a Glance ■ About the Author ................................................................................................................xiii ■ About the Technical Reviewer ...........................................................................................xiv ■ Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................................xv ■ Chapter 1: The Essence of Grails ..........................................................................................1 ■ Chapter 2: Getting Started with Grails ................................................................................15 ■ Chapter 3: Understanding Domain Classes ........................................................................41 ■ Chapter 4: Understanding Controllers ................................................................................63 ■ Chapter 5: Understanding Views ......................................................................................105 ■ Chapter 6: Mapping URLs ..................................................................................................139 ■ Chapter 7: Internationalization .........................................................................................155 ■ Chapter 8: Ajax ..................................................................................................................169 ■ Chapter 9: GORM ...............................................................................................................191 ■ Chapter 10: Services .........................................................................................................233 ■ Chapter 11: Integration and Dependency Management ..................................................249 ■ Chapter 12: Plug-ins ..........................................................................................................293 ■ Index ..................................................................................................................................335 iv Contents ■ About the Author ................................................................................................................xiii ■ About the Technical Reviewer ...........................................................................................xiv ■ Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................................xv ■ Chapter 1: The Essence of Grails ..........................................................................................1 Simplicity and Power ..............................................................................................................1 Grails, the Platform .................................................................................................................2 Living in the Java Ecosystem .................................................................................................3 Installing and Configuring Grails ............................................................................................4 Creating Your First Application ...............................................................................................5 Step 1: Creating the Application .....................................................................................................................5 Step 2: Creating a Controller...........................................................................................................................6 Step 3: Printing a Message .............................................................................................................................8 Step 4: Testing the Code .................................................................................................................................8 Step 5: Running the Tests ...............................................................................................................................9 Step 6: Running the Application....................................................................................................................10 Grails Interactive Mode .........................................................................................................12 Summary ..............................................................................................................................13 ■ Chapter 2: Getting Started with Grails ................................................................................15 What Is Scaffolding?.............................................................................................................15 Creating a Domain ................................................................................................................15 Introducing Dynamic Scaffolding .........................................................................................17 The Create Operation ....................................................................................................................................19 The Read Operation ......................................................................................................................................21 v ■ CONTENTS The Update Operation ...................................................................................................................................23 The Delete Operation ....................................................................................................................................24 Static Scaffolding .................................................................................................................25 Generating a Controller .................................................................................................................................25 Generating the Views ....................................................................................................................................29 Being Environmentally Friendly ............................................................................................31 Configuring Data Sources .....................................................................................................32 The DataSource.groovy File ..........................................................................................................................32 Configuring a MySQL Database ....................................................................................................................34 Configuring a JNDI Data Source ...................................................................................................................37 Supported Databases ...................................................................................................................................37 Deploying the Application .....................................................................................................38 Deployment with run-war .............................................................................................................................38 Deployment with a WAR file .........................................................................................................................39 Summary ..............................................................................................................................40 ■ Chapter 3: Understanding Domain Classes ........................................................................41 Persisting Fields to the Database .........................................................................................41 Validating Domain Classes ...................................................................................................42 Using Custom Validators .......................................................................................................45 Understanding Transient Properties .....................................................................................45 Customizing Your Database Mapping ...................................................................................47 Building Relationships ..........................................................................................................49 Extending Classes with Inheritance .....................................................................................52 Embedding Objects ..............................................................................................................56 Testing Domain Classes .......................................................................................................58 Summary ..............................................................................................................................61 ■ Chapter 4: Understanding Controllers ................................................................................63 Defining Controllers ..............................................................................................................63 Setting the Default Action .............................................................................................................................64 Logging .........................................................................................................................................................65 Logging Exceptions ......................................................................................................................................66 Accessing Request Attributes .......................................................................................................................66 Using Controller Scopes ...............................................................................................................................67 Understanding Flash Scope ..........................................................................................................................68 Accessing Request Parameters ....................................................................................................................70 vi ■ CONTENTS Request Parameter Type Conversions ..........................................................................................................70 Rendering Text ..............................................................................................................................................72 Redirecting a Request ..................................................................................................................................73 Creating a Model ..................................................................................................................74 Rendering a View..................................................................................................................74 Finding the Default View ...............................................................................................................................75 Selecting a Custom View ..............................................................................................................................75 Rendering Templates ....................................................................................................................................75 Performing Data Binding ......................................................................................................76 Validating Incoming Data ..............................................................................................................................77 The Errors API and Controllers ......................................................................................................................77 Data Binding to Multiple Domain Objects .....................................................................................................78 Data Binding with the bindData Method .......................................................................................................79 Data Binding and Associations .....................................................................................................................79 The Bindable Constraint ...............................................................................................................................80 Working with Command Objects ..........................................................................................81 Defining Command Objects ..........................................................................................................................81 Using Command Objects ..............................................................................................................................82 Imposing HTTP Method Restrictions ....................................................................................83 Implementing an Imperative Solution ...........................................................................................................83 Taking Advantage of a Declarative Syntax ....................................................................................................84 Controller IO ..........................................................................................................................84 Handling File Uploads ...................................................................................................................................85 Reading the Request InputStream ................................................................................................................87 Writing a Binary Response ...........................................................................................................................87 Using Simple Interceptors ....................................................................................................88 Before Advice ................................................................................................................................................88 After Advice ..................................................................................................................................................89 Testing Controllers ................................................................................................................89 Controllers in Action .............................................................................................................92 Creating the gTunes Home Page...................................................................................................................92 Adding the User Domain Class .....................................................................................................................93 Adding a Login Form ....................................................................................................................................94 Implementing Registration ...........................................................................................................................96 Testing the Registration Code .......................................................................................................................99 Allowing Users to Log In .............................................................................................................................100 vii ■ CONTENTS Testing the Login Process ...........................................................................................................................102 Summary ............................................................................................................................103 ■ Chapter 5: Understanding Views ......................................................................................105 The Basics ..........................................................................................................................105 Understanding the Model ...........................................................................................................................106 Page Directives ...........................................................................................................................................107 Groovy Scriptlets ........................................................................................................................................107 GSP As GStrings ..........................................................................................................................................108 Built-in Grails Tags .............................................................................................................109 Setting Variables with Tags .........................................................................................................................109 Logical Tags ................................................................................................................................................109 Iterative Tags ..............................................................................................................................................110 Filtering and Iteration .................................................................................................................................111 Grails Dynamic Tags ...........................................................................................................113 Linking Tags ................................................................................................................................................114 The createLink and resource Tags .............................................................................................................................................115 Creating Forms and Fields ..........................................................................................................................116 Validation and Error Handling .....................................................................................................................121 Paginating Views ........................................................................................................................................122 Rendering GSP Templates...........................................................................................................................129 Creating Custom Tags .................................................................................................................................133 Creating a Tag Library .................................................................................................................................133 Custom Tag Basics......................................................................................................................................134 Testing a Custom Tag ..................................................................................................................................135 Summary ............................................................................................................................137 ■ Chapter 6: Mapping URLs ..................................................................................................139 Understanding the Default URL Mapping ...........................................................................139 Including Static Text in a URL Mapping ..............................................................................140 Removing the Controller and Action Names from the URL .................................................140 Embedding Parameters in a Mapping ................................................................................141 Specifying Additional Parameters ......................................................................................143 Mapping to a View ..............................................................................................................143 Applying Constraints to URL Mappings ..............................................................................144 Including Wildcards in a Mapping...............................................................................................................145 Mapping to HTTP Request Methods ...................................................................................146 viii ■ CONTENTS Mapping HTTP Response Codes .........................................................................................147 Taking Advantage of Reverse URL Mapping .......................................................................149 Named URL Mappings ........................................................................................................150 Defining Multiple URL Mappings Classes ...........................................................................151 Testing URL Mappings ........................................................................................................151 Summary ............................................................................................................................153 ■ Chapter 7: Internationalization .........................................................................................155 Localizing Messages ..........................................................................................................155 Defining User Messages .............................................................................................................................155 Retrieving Message Values .........................................................................................................................157 Using URL Mappings for Internationalization .............................................................................................159 Using Parameterized Messages .........................................................................................160 Using java.text.MessageFormat .................................................................................................................160 Using the message Tag for Parameterized Messages ................................................................................161 Using Parameterized Messages for Validation ...................................................................162 Using messageSource ........................................................................................................165 Summary ............................................................................................................................167 ■ Chapter 8: Ajax ..................................................................................................................169 Writing Ajax Code ...............................................................................................................169 Ajax in Action ......................................................................................................................169 Changing Your Ajax Provider ...............................................................................................171 Asynchronous Form Submission ........................................................................................172 Fun with Ajax Remote Linking ............................................................................................176 Adding Effects and Animation ............................................................................................184 Ajax-Enabled Form Fields...................................................................................................184 A Note on Ajax and Performance ........................................................................................188 Summary ............................................................................................................................188 ■ Chapter 9: GORM ...............................................................................................................191 Persistence Basics .............................................................................................................191 Reading Objects ..........................................................................................................................................191 Listing, Sorting, and Counting .....................................................................................................................192 Saving, Updating, and Deleting ...................................................................................................................193 Associations .......................................................................................................................193 Relationship Management Methods ...........................................................................................................195 ix ■ CONTENTS Transitive Persistence.................................................................................................................................195 Querying .............................................................................................................................196 Dynamic Finders .........................................................................................................................................196 Criteria Queries ...........................................................................................................................................198 Detached Criteria Queries ...........................................................................................................................202 Where Queries ............................................................................................................................................204 Query by Example .......................................................................................................................................209 HQL and SQL ...............................................................................................................................................209 Pagination ...................................................................................................................................................210 Configuring GORM ..............................................................................................................211 SQL Logging ...............................................................................................................................................211 Specifying a Custom Dialect .......................................................................................................................211 Other Hibernate Properties .........................................................................................................................212 The Semantics of GORM .....................................................................................................213 The Hibernate Session ................................................................................................................................213 Session Management and Flushing ............................................................................................................214 Obtaining the Session .................................................................................................................................215 Automatic Session Flushing .......................................................................................................................217 Transactions in GORM ........................................................................................................218 Detached Objects ...............................................................................................................220 The Persistence Life Cycle..........................................................................................................................221 Reattaching Detached Objects ...................................................................................................................221 Merging Changes ........................................................................................................................................223 Performance Tuning GORM .................................................................................................223 Eager vs. Lazy Associations ........................................................................................................................223 Batch Fetching ............................................................................................................................................226 Caching .......................................................................................................................................................227 Inheritance Strategies ................................................................................................................................229 Locking Strategies ..............................................................................................................229 Events Auto Time Stamping ................................................................................................231 Summary ............................................................................................................................232 ■ Chapter 10: Services .........................................................................................................233 Understanding Service Basics ............................................................................................233 Services and Dependency Injection ...................................................................................234 Services in Action ...............................................................................................................235 x

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