The Cultural Diversity of European Unity: Findings, Explanations and Reflections from the European Values Study

519 Pages·2004·3.16 MB·English

by  Wilhelmus Antonius Arts

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the cultural diversity of european unity
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EUROPEAN VALUES STUDIES

The European Values Studies is a series based on a large-scale, cross-
national and longitudinal research program. The program was initiated
by the European Value Systems Study Group (EVSSG) in the late 1970s,
at that time an informal grouping of academics. Now, it is carried on in
the setting of a foundation, using the (abbreviated) name of the group
(EVS). The study group surveyed basic social, cultural, political, moral,
and religious values held by the populations of ten Western European
countries, getting their work into the field by 1981. Researchers from
other countries joined the project, which resulted in a 26-nations data
set. In 1990, the study was replicated and extended to other countries.
By now, all European countries are involved in the study, including those
in Central and Eastern Europe. This series is based on the survey data
collected in this project.
VOLUME VI
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THE CULTURAL

DIVERSITY OF

EUROPEAN UNITY

Findings, Explanations and Reflections
from the European Values Study
EDITED BY
WIL ARTS, JACQUES HAGENAARS
& LOEK HALMAN
IN COLLABORATION WITH
WIM VAN DE DONK & TON VAN SCHAIK
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2003
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The cultural diversity of European unity : findings, explanations and reflections from the
European values study / edited by Wil Arts, Jacques Hagenaars & Loek Halman ; in
collaboration with Wim van de Donk & Ton van Schaik.
p. cm. — (European values studies ; v. 6)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 90-04-12299-0 (ppk. : alk. paper)

1. European Union. 2. Pluralism (Social sciences)—European Union countries. 3. Social
change—European Union countries. 4. Values—Europe. 5. Civil society—Europe. 6. Group
identity—Europe. 1. Arts, Wilhelmus Antonius, 1946— II. Hagenaars, Jacques A. III.
Halman, Loek. IV. European values studies (Leiden, Netherlands) ; v. 6.
JN30.C85 2003
300’94—dc21
2003052251
ISSN 1568-5926
ISBN 90 04 12299 0
© Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill n.v., Leiden, The Netherlands

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written

permission from the publisher.

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the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,

Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.

Fees are subject to change.

printed in the netherlands
CONTENTS
Figures and tables ............................................................................... xiii

Dedication ............................................................................................xix

Series editors’ preface ........................................................................ xxi

Acknowledgements ........................................................................... xxv

Chapter One The cultural diversity of European unity:

an introduction

WILARTS, JACQUESHAGENAARS& LOEKHALMAN ....................... 1

1 Introduction ................................................................................. 1

2 The European Values Study as a research program .................... 3

3 The plan of this book ................................................................... 7

References ....................................................................................... 11

PART ONE EUROPEAN VALUES IN A BROAD PERSPECTIVE ................... 13

Intermezzo Godfried Danneels on individual autonomy:

‘This extreme individualism and hedonism has no future’

INTERVIEW BY MARGA VAN ZUNDERT ............................................ 15

Chapter Two Exploring Europe’s basic values map

JACQUESHAGENAARS, LOEKHALMAN& GUYMOORS ................. 23

1 Introduction ............................................................................... 23

2 Exploring value dimensions in Europe: The 1999/2000 EVS ... 25

2.1 The number of dimensions ............................................. 26

2.2 Interpretation of the basic value dimensions .................. 30

3 Comparing countries and generations in the 1999/2000 EVS ... 31

3.1 Comparing countries ....................................................... 32

3.2 Value profiles and country characteristics ...................... 36

3.3 Comparing generations ................................................... 37

4 Trends in the two basic value dimensions: 1981-1990-1999 .... 39

4.1 Cohort-period trends ....................................................... 40

4.2 Countries on the move? .................................................. 43

5 Conclusion ................................................................................. 46

References ......................................................................................... 48

Appendix The items included in the analyses ................................. 49
VI CONTENTS
Intermezzo Ruud Lubbers on European pride and presidents:
‘A united Europe is an antidote to globalization’

INTERVIEW BY MARGA VAN ZUNDERT ............................................ 59

Chapter Three Europe and its values in an historical perspective

WIL ARTS, ARNOUD-JAN BIJSTERVELD & KAREL VERAGHTERT .... 67

1 Introduction ............................................................................... 67

2 The unity of European diversity ................................................ 70

3 The diversity of European unity ................................................ 78

4 Conclusion and discussion ........................................................ 82

References ....................................................................................... 85

Intermezzo Herman Wijffels on the vocation of Europe:

‘We are giving birth to the organically ordered society’

INTERVIEW BY MARGA VAN ZUNDERT ............................................ 87

PART TWO EUROPEAN VALUES IN DEPTH ............................................. 93

Chapter Four Opening the black-box of regional culture.

Entrepreneurial attitude and economic growth in 54 European

regions

SJOERD BEUGELSDIJK & NIELS NOORDERHAVEN ........................... 95

1 Introduction ............................................................................... 95

2 Why would entrepreneurial culture matter? .............................. 97

3 Entrepreneurial characteristics .................................................. 99

3.1 Data and method ...........................................................101

3.2 Dependent variables ......................................................101

3.3 Independent variables ...................................................102

3.4 Control variables ...........................................................104

3.5 Method ..........................................................................105

3.6 Findings ........................................................................105

4 Empirical test ...........................................................................109

5 Implications and limitations ....................................................113

6 Conclusion ...............................................................................114

References .....................................................................................115
CONTENTS VII

Chapter Five Participation in civil society and European regional
economic growth
SJOERD BEUGELSDIJK & TON VAN SCHAIK ...................................119

1 Introduction .............................................................................119

2 Trust ........................................................................................121

3 Group membership ..................................................................123

4 Empirical test ...........................................................................125

5 Data .........................................................................................126

6 Trust ........................................................................................127

7 Group membership ..................................................................129

8 Economic data and testing .......................................................134

9 Implications, limitations and suggestions for further research 141

References .....................................................................................143

Chapter Six Bridging and bonding social capital: Which type is
good for economic growth?
SJOERD BEUGELSDIJK & SJAK SMULDERS .....................................147

1 Introduction .............................................................................147

2 Background .............................................................................149

3 The model ................................................................................152

3.1 Individuals’ static decision problem .............................152

3.2 Static equilibrium under symmetry ...............................157

3.3 A dynamic version of the model ..................................161

4 The hypotheses ........................................................................166

5 Measurement ...........................................................................166

5.1 Economic growth ..........................................................167

5.2 Bridging social capital ..................................................169

5.3 Bonding social capital and family ties ..........................169

5.4 Materialism ...................................................................170

6 Testing the model ....................................................................172

7 Conclusion and discussion ......................................................176

References .....................................................................................178

Appendix A static and a dynamic model .....................................181
VIII CONTENTS
Chapter Seven Shall the twain ever meet? Differences and changes

in socio-economic justice norms and beliefs in Eastern and

Western Europe at the turn of the millennium

WIL ARTS, JOHN GELISSEN & RUUD LUIJKX .................................185

1 Introduction .............................................................................185

2 Research questions ..................................................................187

3 Theoretical framework ............................................................190

4 Hypotheses ..............................................................................193

5 Data and operationalization .....................................................197

6 Models .....................................................................................201

7 Findings ...................................................................................201

8 Conclusions and discussion .....................................................212

References .....................................................................................215

Chapter Eight Civil society, social trust and democratic

involvement

PAUL DEKKER, PETER ESTER & HENK VINKEN ............................217

1 More civil society, better citizens? ..........................................217

2 Measuring civil society, trust and democratic involvement ....221

2.1 Civil society ..................................................................221

2.2 Trust and democratic involvement ...............................224

3 Nations .....................................................................................226

4 Individuals ...............................................................................234

5 Participation in civil society and generational change ............238

6 Discussion ...............................................................................243

References .....................................................................................246

Appendix Indicators (%) in 20 countries .....................................249

Chapter Nine Missing links? Consensus democracy, voluntary

association and European values

WIM VAN DE DONK, FRANK HENDRIKS & RUUD LUIJKX ..............255

1 Introduction .............................................................................255

2 Patterns of democracy and social capital: Lijphart, Putnam

and the European Values Study ...............................................258

3 Missing Link I: Consensus democracy and voluntary

association ...............................................................................263

4 Missing Link II: Consensus democracies, voluntary

associations and cultural orientations ......................................265
CONTENTS IX
5 Discussion and conclusion: The values of European

democracy ...............................................................................272

References .....................................................................................274

Chapter Ten The welfare state: Villain or hero of the piece?

WIL ARTS, LOEK HALMAN & WIM VAN OORSCHOT .....................275

1 Introduction .............................................................................275

2 The ‘moral evil effects of the welfare state’ debate ................276

3 Hypotheses ..............................................................................279

4 Data and measurements ...........................................................282

4.1 Aggregate level analyses ..............................................283

4.2 Individual level analyses ...............................................285

5 Analysis and results .................................................................286

5.1 Aggregate level analysis ...............................................286

5.2 Individual level analyses ...............................................297

6 Conclusions .............................................................................306

References .....................................................................................308

Chapter Eleven Country differences in sex-role attitudes: Cultural

and economic explanations

MATTHIJS KALMIJN .......................................................................311

1 Background and research questions ........................................311

2 Hypotheses ..............................................................................314

3 Data and measurement ............................................................316

3.1 Dependent variables ......................................................317

3.2 Independent variables ...................................................319

4 Results .....................................................................................320

4.1 Gross country differences .............................................321

4.2 Associations at the macro level ....................................324

4.3 Individual effects ..........................................................326

4.4 Contextual effects .........................................................330

4.5 Residuals .......................................................................333

5 Conclusions ............................................................................334

References .....................................................................................336