Table Of Content

Summary of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 1. Making a Start with CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Text Styling and Other Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3. Images and Other Design Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4. Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5. Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6. Forms and User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 7. Cross-browser Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 8. CSS Positioning Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 9. CSS for Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 THE CSS3 ANTHOLOGY TAKE YOUR SITES TO NEW HEIGHTS BY RACHEL ANDREW 4TH EDITION iv The CSS3 Anthology: Take Your Sites to New Heights byRachelAndrew Copyright©2012SitePointPty.Ltd. Product Manager:SimonMackie Assistant Technical Editor:DianaMacDonald Technical Editor:TomMuseth Indexer:MicheleCombes Expert Reviewer:LouisLazaris Cover Designer:AlexWalker Editor:KellySteele Printing History: Latest Update:March2012 1stEd.Nov.2004,2ndEd.May2007, 3rdEd.July2009,4thEd.March2012 Notice of Rights Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeanswithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher,exceptinthecase ofbriefquotationsincludedincriticalarticlesorreviews. Notice of Liability Theauthorsandpublisherhavemadeeveryefforttoensuretheaccuracyoftheinformationherein. However,theinformationcontainedinthisbookissoldwithoutwarranty,eitherexpressorimplied. NeithertheauthorsandSitePointPty.Ltd.,noritsdealersordistributors,willbeheldliableforany damagestobecausedeitherdirectlyorindirectlybytheinstructionscontainedinthisbook,orbythe softwareorhardwareproductsdescribedherein. Trademark Notice Ratherthanindicatingeveryoccurrenceofatrademarkednameassuch,thisbookusesthenamesonly inaneditorialfashionandtothebenefitofthetrademarkownerwithnointentionofinfringementof thetrademark. PublishedbySitePointPty.Ltd. 48CambridgeStreetCollingwood VICAustralia3066 Web:www.sitepoint.com Email:[email protected] ISBN978-0-9871530-2-9(print) ISBN978-0-9871530-6-7(ebook) PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica v About Rachel Andrew RachelAndrewisafront-andback-endwebdeveloperwhohaswrittennumerousbooks, includingthefirstthreeeditionsofTheCSSAnthology.Herworkinhercompany edgeofmyseat.com(http://www.edgeofmyseat.com/)informsherwriting,ensuringitremains groundedintherealworldofclientprojects,largeandsmall. About Louis Lazaris LouisLazarisisafreelancewebdesignerandfront-enddeveloperbasedinToronto,Canada whohasbeeninvolvedinthewebdesignindustrysince2000.Louishasbeenworkingon websiteseversincethedayswhentablelayoutsandone-pixelGIFsdominatedtheindustry. Overthepastfiveyears,hehascometoembracewebstandardswhileendeavoringtopromote bestpracticesthathelpdevelopersandtheirclientsreachpracticalgoalsfortheirprojects. Louiswritesregularlyforanumberoftopwebdesignblogsincludinghisownsite,Impressive Webs(http://www.impressivewebs.com/). About SitePoint SitePointspecializesinpublishingfun,practical,andeasy-to-understandcontentforweb professionals.Visithttp://www.sitepoint.com/toaccessourblogs,books,newsletters,articles, andcommunityforums. ForBethany. Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Who Should Read This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv What’s in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi Where to Find Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii The SitePoint Newsletters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii The SitePoint Podcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii Your Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Conventions Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Chapter 1 Making a Start with CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 How do I define styles with CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CSS Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 What about older browsers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 How does the browser decide which styles to apply? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Will using a CSS framework make it easier to learn CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A Decent Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 2 Text Styling and Other Basics . . . . . . . 23 How do I set my text to display in a certain font? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Should I use pixels, points, ems, or another unit identifier to set font sizes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 How do I remove underlines from my links? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 How do I create a link that changes color when the cursor moves over it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 How do I display two different styles of link on one page? . . . . . . . . . . . 39 x How do I style the first item in a list differently from the others? . . . . . 41 How do I add a background color to a heading? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 How do I style headings with underlines? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 How do I remove the large gap between an h1 element and the following paragraph? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 How do I highlight text on the page? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 How do I alter the line height (leading) of my text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 How do I justify text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 How do I indent text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 How do I center text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 How do I change text to all capitals using CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 How do I create a drop-caps effect? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 How do I add a drop shadow to my text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 How do I change or remove the bullets on list items? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 How do I use an image for a list-item bullet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 How do I remove the indented left-hand margin from a list? . . . . . . . . 66 How do I display a list horizontally? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 How do I remove page margins? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 How can I remove browsers’ default padding and margins from all elements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 How do I use fonts other than those installed on most users’ computers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Working with Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Chapter 3 Images and Other Design Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 How do I add borders to images? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 How do I use CSS to remove the blue border around my navigation images? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 How do I set a background for my page using CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 xi How do I control how my background image repeats? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 How do I position my background image? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 How do I fix my background image in place while the page is scrolled? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Can I set a background image on any element? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 How do I create a gradient background? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Can I create a background image that scales with the browser window? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 How do I add more than one background image to an element? . . . . . . 99 How do I make an element transparent so that the background shows through? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 How can I add a drop shadow to an element? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 How do I create rounded corners on an element? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Can I rotate images without using image-editing software? . . . . . . . . 112 What should I be aware of in terms of accessibility when using color? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 In the Picture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Chapter 4 Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 How do I style a structural list as a navigation menu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 How do I use CSS to create rollover navigation without images or JavaScript? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Can I use CSS and lists to create a navigation system with subnavigation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 How do I make a horizontal menu using lists and CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 How do I create tabbed navigation using CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 My navigation is in an include, so how can I indicate which is the selected tab? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 How do I put additional information in my navigation bar? . . . . . . . . 146 How can I visually indicate which links are external to my site? . . . . . 148 xii How do I create rollover images in my navigation without using JavaScript? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 How should I style a sitemap? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 How do I create a drop-down menu with CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Navigating Your Way to Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Chapter 5 Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 How do I lay out spreadsheet data using CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 How do I make my tabular data accessible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 How do I add a border to a table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 How do I stop spaces appearing between the cells of my tables when I’ve added borders using CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 How do I display spreadsheet data in an attractive and usable way? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 How do I display table rows in alternating colors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 How do I change a row's background color when the mouse hovers over it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 How do I display table columns in alternating colors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 How do I display a calendar using CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 How do I create a pricing table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Tables Topped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Chapter 6 Forms and User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . 223 How do I lay out a form with CSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Can I change the look and feel of form elements with CSS? . . . . . . . . 230 How do I highlight a field when the user tabs into or clicks on it? . . . 233 What additional elements and attributes are part of the HTML5 forms spec? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Can I style input elements based on their validity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 How do I group related fields? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

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