Table Of ContentThe Courses of History
Ideas for Developing a History of Mathematics Course
© 2018 by
The Mathematical Association of America (Incorporated)
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Print ISBN 978-0-88385-197-5
Electronic ISBN 978-1-61444-323-0
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The Courses of History
Ideas for Developing a History of Mathematics Course
Edited by
Amy Shell-Gellasch
Eastern Michigan University
and
Dick Jardine
Keene State College
Published and Distributed by
The Mathematical Association of America
The MAA Notes Series, started in 1982, addresses a broad range of topics and themes of interest to all who are involved
with undergraduate mathematics. The volumes in this series are readable, informative, and useful, and help the math-
ematical community keep up with developments of importance to mathematics.
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14. Mathematical Writing, by Donald E. Knuth, Tracy Larrabee, and Paul M. Roberts.
16. Using Writing to Teach Mathematics, Andrew Sterrett, Editor.
17. Priming the Calculus Pump: Innovations and Resources, Committee on Calculus Reformand the First Two Years,
a subcomittee of the Committee on the Undergraduate Program in Mathematics, Thomas W. Tucker, Editor.
18. Models for Undergraduate Research in Mathematics, Lester Senechal, Editor.
19. Visualization in Teaching and Learning Mathematics, Committee on Computers inMathematics Education, Steve
Cunningham and Walter S. Zimmermann, Editors.
20. The Laboratory Approach to Teaching Calculus, L. Carl Leinbach et al., Editors.
21. Perspectives on Contemporary Statistics, David C. Hoaglin and David S. Moore, Editors.
22. Heeding the Call for Change: Suggestions for Curricular Action, Lynn A. Steen, Editor.
24. Symbolic Computation in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, Zaven A. Karian, Editor.
25. The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy, Guershon Harel and Ed Dubinsky, Editors.
26. Statistics for the Twenty-First Century, Florence and Sheldon Gordon, Editors.
27. Resources for Calculus Collection, Volume 1: Learning by Discovery: A Lab Manual for Calculus, Anita E. Solow,
Editor.
28. Resources for Calculus Collection, Volume 2: Calculus Problems for a New Century, Robert Fraga, Editor.
29. Resources for Calculus Collection, Volume 3: Applications of Calculus, Philip Straffin, Editor.
30. Resources for Calculus Collection, Volume 4: Problems for Student Investigation, Michael B. Jackson and John R.
Ramsay, Editors.
31. Resources for Calculus Collection, Volume 5: Readings for Calculus, Underwood Dudley, Editor.
32. Essays in Humanistic Mathematics, Alvin White, Editor.
33. Research Issues in Undergraduate Mathematics Learning: Preliminary Analyses and Results, James J. Kaput and Ed
Dubinsky, Editors.
34. In Eves Circles, Joby Milo Anthony, Editor.
35. Youre the Professor, What Next? Ideas and Resources for Preparing College Teachers, The Committee on Prepara-
tion for College Teaching, Bettye Anne Case, Editor.
36. Preparing for a New Calculus: Conference Proceedings, Anita E. Solow, Editor.
37. A Practical Guide to Cooperative Learning in Collegiate Mathematics, Nancy L. Hagelgans, Barbara E. Reynolds,
SDS, Keith Schwingendorf, Draga Vidakovic, Ed Dubinsky, Mazen Shahin, G. Joseph Wimbish, Jr.
38. Models That Work: Case Studies in Effective Undergraduate Mathematics Programs, Alan C. Tucker, Editor.
39. Calculus: The Dynamics of Change, CUPM Subcommittee on Calculus Reform and the First Two Years, A. Wayne
Roberts, Editor.
40. Vita Mathematica: Historical Research and Integration with Teaching, Ronald Calinger, Editor.
41. Geometry Turned On: Dynamic Software in Learning, Teaching, and Research, James R. King and Doris Schattschnei-
der, Editors.
42. Resources for Teaching Linear Algebra, David Carlson, Charles R. Johnson, David C. Lay, A. Duane Porter, Ann E.
Watkins,William Watkins, Editors.
43. Student Assessment in Calculus: A Report of the NSF Working Group on Assessment in Calculus, Alan Schoenfeld,
Editor.
44. Readings in Cooperative Learning for Undergraduate Mathematics, Ed Dubinsky, David Mathews, and Barbara E.
Reynolds, Editors.
45. Confronting the Core Curriculum: Considering Change in the Undergraduate Mathematics Major, John A. Dossey,
Editor.
46. Women in Mathematics: Scaling the Heights, Deborah Nolan, Editor.
47. Exemplary Programs in Introductory College Mathematics: Innovative Programs Using Technology, Susan Lenker,
Editor.
48. Writing in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics, John Meier and Thomas Rishel.
49. Assessment Practices in Undergraduate Mathematics, Bonnie Gold, Sandra Z. Keith and William A. Marion, Editors.
50. Revolutions in Differential Equations: Exploring ODEs with Modern Technology, Michael J. Kallaher, Editor.
51. Using History to Teach Mathematics: An International Perspective, Victor J. Katz, Editor.
52. Teaching Statistics: Resources for Undergraduate Instructors, Thomas L. Moore, Editor.
53. Geometry at Work: Papers in Applied Geometry, Catherine A. Gorini, Editor.
54. Teaching First: A Guide for New Mathematicians, Thomas W. Rishel.
55. Cooperative Learning in Undergraduate Mathematics: Issues That Matter and Strategies That Work, Elizabeth C.
Rogers, Barbara E. Reynolds, Neil A. Davidson, and Anthony D. Thomas, Editors.
56. Changing Calculus: A Report on Evaluation Efforts and National Impact from 1988 to 1998, Susan L. Ganter.
57. Learning to Teach and Teaching to Learn Mathematics: Resources for Professional Development, Matthew Delong
and Dale Winter.
58. Fractals, Graphics, and Mathematics Education, Benoit Mandelbrot and Michael Frame, Editors.
59. Linear Algebra Gems: Assets for Undergraduate Mathematics, David Carlson, Charles R. Johnson, David C. Lay,
and A. Duane Porter, Editors.
60. Innovations in Teaching Abstract Algebra, Allen C. Hibbard and Ellen J. Maycock, Editors.
61. Changing Core Mathematics, Chris Arney and Donald Small, Editors.
62. Achieving Quantitative Literacy: An Urgent Challenge for Higher Education, Lynn Arthur Steen.
64. Leading the Mathematical Sciences Department: A Resource for Chairs, Tina H. Straley, Marcia P. Sward, and Jon
W. Scott, Editors.
65. Innovations in Teaching Statistics, Joan B. Garfield, Editor.
66. Mathematics in Service to the Community: Concepts and models for service-learning in the mathematical sciences,
Charles R. Hadlock, Editor.
67. Innovative Approaches to Undergraduate Mathematics Courses Beyond Calculus, Richard J. Maher, Editor.
68. From Calculus to Computers: Using the last 200 years of mathematics history in the classroom, Amy Shell-Gellasch
and Dick Jardine, Editors.
69. A Fresh Start for Collegiate Mathematics: Rethinking the Courses below Calculus, Nancy Baxter Hastings, Editor.
70. Current Practices in Quantitative Literacy, Rick Gillman, Editor.
71. War Stories from Applied Math: Undergraduate Consultancy Projects, Robert Fraga, Editor.
72. Hands On History: A Resource for Teaching Mathematics, Amy Shell-Gellasch, Editor.
73. Making the Connection: Research and Teaching in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, Marilyn P. Carlson and
Chris Rasmussen, Editors.
74. Resources for Teaching Discrete Mathematics: Classroom Projects, History Modules, and Articles, Brian Hopkins,
Editor.
75. The Moore Method: A Pathway to Learner-Centered Instruction, Charles A. Coppin, W. Ted Mahavier, E. Lee May,
and G. Edgar Parker.
76. The Beauty of Fractals: Six Different Views, Denny Gulick and Jon Scott, Editors.
77. Mathematical Time Capsules: Historical Modules for the Mathematics Classroom, Dick Jardine and Amy Shell-Gel-
lasch, Editors.
78. Recent Developments on Introducing a Historical Dimension in Mathematics Education, Victor J. Katz and Costas
Tzanakis, Editors.
79. Teaching Mathematics with Classroom Voting: With and Without Clickers, Kelly Cline and Holly Zullo, Editors.
80. Resources for PreparingMiddle School Mathematics Teachers, Cheryl Beaver, Laurie Burton, Maria Fung, and Klay
Kruczek, Editors.
81. Undergraduate Mathematics for the Life Sciences: Models, Processes, and Directions, Glenn Ledder, Jenna P. Car-
penter, and Timothy D. Comar, Editors.
82. Applications of Mathematics in Economics, Warren Page, Editor.
83. Doing the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Mathematics, Jacqueline M. Dewar and Curtis D. Bennett, Ed-
itors.
84. Insights and Recommendations from the MAA National Study of College Calculus, David Bressoud, Vilma Mesa,
and Chris Rasmussen, Editors.
85. Beyond Lecture: Resources and Pedagogical Techniques for Enhancing the Teaching of Proof-Writing Across the
Curriculum, Rachel Schwell, Aliza Steurer and Jennifer F. Vasquez, Editors.
86. Using the Philosophy of Mathematics in Teaching Undergraduate Mathematics, Bonnie Gold, Carl E. Behrens, and
Roger A. Simons, Editors.
87. The Courses of History: Ideas for Developing a History of Mathematics Course, Amy Shell-Gellasch and Dick Jar-
dine, Editors.
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Introduction
Teaching a history of mathematics (HoM) course is a great opportunity to expose a wide variety of students
to the breadth, depth, and importance of mathematics. As Judy Grabiner wrote in her contribution to this
volume, “Students need to understand that history isn’t about ‘who did what and when?’ but about ‘how did
people make these choices and why?’ ” It is our goal in compiling this volume to provide useful examples
and suggestions to enable both novice and experienced HoM instructors help students achieve that under-
standing.
The authors of the various chapters of this volume are well established in the HoM and experienced in
its teaching. We have grouped the sections of the volume according to the type, level, and audience of the
course. The first section contains courses designed with mathematics majors as the target students. The next
section contains a collection of courses devoted to students who may be majoring in mathematics but intend
to be teachers upon graduation. Some of us teach HoM courses developed for the general education of stu-
dents, and those courses are found in the third section. More and more of us are developing courses with a
significant online component, whether required to by administrators or of our own volition, and examples
of those can be found in the fourth section. The last section contains descriptions of courses of a specialized
nature, courses addressing specific branches of mathematics, time periods, or geographical regions. Some
of the chapters could have been placed in several sections. Certainly there are similarities in the content of
the courses described; after all, they are all HoM courses. However, each of the chapters is distinguished by
elements that make it different from the others.
For the benefit of the reader, we challenged the contributors to structure their contributions in a standard
format. To this end, each chapter has sections devoted to the course overview, course design, resources,
assignments, lessons learned, references, and appendices providing necessary details, to include a schedule
of how the course is implemented in a term or semester. For the most part, readers will find that format
throughout, though some of the courses did not lend themselves to that structure.
Because most HoM courses are designed for mathematics majors, we lead with the section devoted to
courses for those students. Judy Grabiner offers a course in which those students are challenged to wrestle
with philosophical issues of mathematics from ancient Egypt to the current century as well as how to do
the mathematics as it was done in various periods of history. Danny Otero has long been an advocate of
the use of primary sources, so it comes as no surprise that his contribution emphasizes their use in helping
students learn the HoM. Capstone courses have become an important part of the mathematics curriculum
at many colleges and universities, and the last three offerings in this section were developed as capstones
for the mathematics major. Like Danny, David Pengelley emphasizes the inclusion of primary sources in his
capstone course. Betty Mayfield describes a capstone experience that involves students in a two-semester
sequence, with the first semester designed to tie together students’ undergraduate mathematics with a HoM
course and a research project due the second semester. Larry D’Antonio’s capstone course uses geometric
construction as a unifying theme for various branches of mathematics that students have encountered as
undergraduates.
The second section of our volume includes descriptions of HoM courses principally for pre-service or
in-service teachers. There certainly is some overlap with the previous section, as many mathematics majors
vii
viii The Courses of History
intend to become teachers and have taken the courses described previously. Similarly, many mathemat-
ics majors who do not intend to become teachers have been students in the courses in this section. Janet
Barnett contributes the description of a course that provides course questions that help students develop
their understanding of the rich traditions of mathematics. Charles Lindsey’s course focuses on the historical
background for the mathematical topics taught in high school, but emphasizes the multicultural context.
Sarah Greenwald and Gregory Rhoads describe an intensive HoM experience for teachers that is completed
within two weeks. Amy Shell-Gellasch describes a course in which she engages pre-service teachers in deep
discussions about the material, challenging their views on mathematics and education while also requiring
them to present their learning in a variety of modes. Dominic Klyve presents a course intent on developing
students as scholars in the HoM as they learn the subject. The innovative in-class activities differentiate
Christine Latulippe’s offering from others, as do the varied assignments described in Diana White’s course
cross-listed for undergraduate and graduate students.
Some of us have taught and continue to teach HoM to students with little mathematical preparation be-
yond the topics typically taught in high school. If the course of interest to you is a general education course
or a course that requires no upper-level mathematics, then the seven chapters of the third section fit that de-
scription. Janet Beery describes her activity-based elementary mathematics history course for non-science
students in the first offering in this section. College algebra may be the only mathematics course a student
takes to fulfill the mathematics graduation requirement at some institutions, and Amy Shell-Gellasch tells us
a way to teach college algebra with its history. The theme of the perspectives course that Dorothee Blum pro-
vides is to connect topics from older mathematics with newer mathematics of the same topic throughout the
course. Dorothee’s course is interdisciplinary by design, as is Dick Jardine’s course which not only emphasiz-
es connections to other disciplines but includes faculty from other fields as guest lecturers for his students.
While many of us welcome humanities students to our HoM course, Glen Van Brummelen describes the
design of a course that targets that audience and includes potential team-teaching with a humanities faculty
member. Matthew Hallock and Alex McAllister provide an example of just such a team-teaching experience
in which a drama professor and a mathematics professor weave ancient Greek theater and mathematics
together. To round out this section, David Pengelley entices students from other disciplines to his general
education course offering, one that has had success attracting students to the mathematics major.
Because of the growth in the number of online and blended learning courses, it is important that we
include examples of those in this volume. Kathy Clark contributes her experiences in teaching a gradu-
ate-level, blended-learning course for teachers. She describes a blended-learning course, one that is taught
partially face-to-face and partially online, but she has taught the course both totally online and completely
face-to-face. Tammy Muhs teaches a HoM course entirely online, as does her colleague Joseph Brennan.
Her offering includes how she incorporates student projects and mathematical exercises in an online course,
while Joseph’s contribution provides many helpful suggestions on developing an online HoM course.
As mentioned earlier, the last section of the volume presents the experiences of those who have devel-
oped HoM courses on specific topics. The first offering in this section communicates how Chris Baltus uses
geometry to strengthen pre-service secondary teachers’ mathematical preparation, providing the historical
foundations for the subjects they will be teaching. Owing to his great experience with specialized HoM
courses, Stacy Langton provides three courses: a history of calculus, a history of probability, and one focused
on Newton’s foundational work on mathematical physics. Jill Thomley developed a history of statistics sem-
inar, an important contribution considering the proliferation of statistics courses at the undergraduate level.
David Pengelley continues his emphasis on primary sources, sharing his experiences implementing HoM
courses emphasizing discrete mathematics, combinatorics, number theory, and geometry. Janet Beery pro-
vides a course integrating HoM and number theory sufficient to prepare preservice school teachers in both
subjects. Clemency Montelle and John Hannah provide a wonderfully innovative and graphically appealing
Introduction ix
course employing diagrams as a theme to explore the evolution of mathematical developments through the
ages. Stephen Kennedy’s contribution describes a course in which students relive the skeptical acceptance of
complex numbers, exploring the drama involved in the discovery through reading primary sources written
by the principals involved. While complex numbers proved to not be impossible, Alex McAllister provides
the description of a course on mathematical impossibilities, in which students learn the difference between
open questions and impossible questions, and the mathematical foundations of those that are impossible.
Joe Albree’s course on the HoM in America brings the subject closer to home to our students, a second
course for students that serves as an example of a course offering specialization in a specific time period and
geographic region.
Joe’s course is also typical of each of the contributions to this volume in that it can be replicated at the
reader’s institution in every detail or can be modified extensively. When considering the courses described
in this volume, the reader intending to develop a HoM course can follow each author’s suggestions or take
them as general guidance that serve as a point of departure for adaptation according to personal pedagog-
ical philosophy, mathematical/historical interests, or comfort zone. Between us, the editors have taught
the HoM almost every year for more than the past 15 years, and every year our courses change as new and
interesting material is discovered and innovative instructional ideas and resources are made available. Ben-
efitting from reviewing all the great ideas presented by our contributors, one of us modified a HoM course
taught last fall, extensively incorporating ideas presented by contributors to this volume. The purpose of
compiling this volume is to serve the needs of both new and experienced instructors. We are confident that
readers will find a wide variety of useful experiences and best practices that will contribute to the successful
delivery of a HoM course appropriate for their students.
