The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmaneser III (859-824 B.C.) Relating to His Campaigns in the West (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East)

469 Pages·2000·23.25 MB·English

by  Shigeo Yamada

The Construction of the Assyrian Empire
Shigeo Yamada
VOLUME 3
The Construction of
the Assyrian Empire
A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of
Shalmaneser III (859 824 B.C.) Relating to
his Campaigns to the West
by
Shigeo Yamada
• s
' / 6 8V
BRILL
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2000
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 90 04 11772 5
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PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements xi
List of Tables xiii
List of Maps xv
Abbreviations and Symbols xvii
Introduction 1
Part I. Preliminary Considerations 9
1. The Inscriptions of Shalmaneser III 9
1.1. General Remarks 9
1.2. Catalogue of Texts: Their Dates and
Structural Peculiarities 10
1.2.1. Annalistic Inscriptions 11
1.2.2. Summary Inscriptions 28
1.2.3. Miscellaneous Texts 46
2. Chronology of Shalmaneser Ill's Campaigns 59
3. The Western Frontier of Assyria before
Shalmaneser Ill's Accession 68
Part II. Historical and Historiographical Analysis of the
Western Campaign Accounts 77
1. The First Year (858): to the Mediterranean Sea .... 77
1.1. Accounts of the First Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 77
1.2. Historical Analysis of the First Year
Campaign 87
2. The Second Year (857): to Bit-Adini and
Carchemish 108
2.1. Accounts of the Second Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 108
2.2. Historical Analysis of the Second Year
Campaign 113
3. The Third Year (856): to Bit-Adini 120
3.1. Accounts of the Third Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 120
3.2. Historical Analysis of the Third Year
Campaign 123
4. The Fourth Year (855): to Bit-Adini 130
4.1. Accounts of the Fourth Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 130
4.2. Historical Analysis of the Fourth Year
Campaign 137
5. The Sixth Year (853): Battle of Qarqar 143
5.1. Accounts of the Sixth Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 143
5.2. Historical Analysis of the Sixth Year
Campaign 150
6. The Seventh Year (852): to Til-abne 163
6.1. Accounts of the Seventh Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 164
6.2. Historical Analysis of the Seventh Year
Campaign 165
7. The Tenth Year (849): to Carchemish and
Bit-Agusi 165
7.1. Accounts of the Tenth Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 166
7.2. Historical Analysis of the Tenth Year
Campaign 167
8. The 11th Year (848): to Hamath 170
8.1. Accounts of the 11th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 170
8.2. Historical Analysis of the 11th Year
Campaign 172
9. The 12th Year (847): to Paqar(a)hubuni 178
9.1. Accounts of the 12th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 178
9.2. Historical Analysis of the 12th Year
Campaign 179
10. The 14th Year (845): to Central Syria 179
10.1. Accounts of the 14th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 180
10.2. Historical Analysis of the 14th Year
Campaign 181
11. The 17 th Year (812): to Mt. Amanus 183
11.1. Accounts of the 17th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 184
11.2. Historical Analysis of the 17th Year
Campaign 184
12. The 18th Year (841): to Aram-Damascus 185
12.1. Accounts of the 18th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 185
12.2. Historical Analysis of the 18th Year
Campaign (841) 188
13. The 19th Year (840): to Mt. Amanus 195
13.1. Accounts of the 19th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 195
13.2. Historical Analysis of the 19th Year
Campaign 196
14. The 20th Year (839): to Que 197
14.1. Accounts of the 20th Year Campaign:
Textual Variants 197
14.2. Historical Analysis of the 20th Year
Campaign 198
15. The 21st and 22nd Years = the 21st palû
(838-837): to Aram-Damascus 205
16. The 23rd Year = the 22nd palû (836):
to Tabal 209
17. The 24th Year = the 23rd pah', (835):
to Melid 214
18. The 26th, 27th and 28th Years = the 25th
and 26th palûs (833-831): to Que 218
19. The 30th Year = the 28th palû (829): to Patin 221
Part III. Booty, Tribute and Other Economic
Exploitation 225
1. Booty 226
1.1. Booty Taken from Cities after Their
Conquest 226
1.2. Booty Taken after Battles 228
1.3. Booty Taken after the Pursuit of
Enemies 228
1.4. The Amount of Booty 229
2. Tribute 236
2.1. Spot Tribute 237
2.2. Annual Tribute 240
3. Booty and Tribute Described in Reliefs and
Their Captions 250
4. Other Economic Exploitation during
Campaigns 258
5. The Goods Gained by Shalmaneser III and
Their Provenance 259
5.1. People 260
5.2. Horses, Chariots and Cavalry 261
5.3. Livestock and Exotic Animals 263
5.4. Metals and Metal Objects 265
5.5. Textiles 267
5.6. Ivor>' and Elephant Hide 268
5.7. Wood 269
5.8. Wine 270
6. Conclusion 271
Part IV. Ceremonial-Commemorative Acts 273
1. Setting Up of Royal Monuments during
Campaigns 273
1.1. Evidence 275
1.2. Setting Up the Monument 290
1.3. Inscriptions Engraved on Monuments 292
1.4. The Ideological Background of the
Location of Monuments 294
2. Washing of Weapons and Other Rituals on the
Seashore 297
Part V. Concluding Remarks: Shalmaneser Ill's Dominion
over the Countries in the West 300
1. Provinces and Outposts 300
2. Dominion over Vassals 305
Appendix A: Aram-Israel Relations as Reflected in the
Aramaic Inscription from Tel Dan 309
Appendix B: The Commemoration of Dayyan-Ashur's
Second Eponymate in the Black Obelisk and
the Calah Statue 321
Appendix C: The Manipulative Counting of the Euphrates
Crossings in the Later Inscriptions of
Shalmaneser III 335
Appendix D: The Edition of Annals 1 and Annals 3 342
Appendix E: Collations of the Kurkh Monolith Inscription
(Annals 3) 380
Bibliography and Bibliographic Abbreviations 384
Maps 406
General Index 419
Index of Sources 432