Table Of ContentTHE CONDITION OF CITIZENSHIP
Politics and Culture
A Theory, Culture & Society series
Politics and Culture analyses the complex relationships between political
institutions, civil society and contemporary states. Individual books will
draw on the major theoretical paradigms in sociology, politics and philo-
sophy within which citizenship, rights and justice can be understood. The
series will focus attention on the importance of culture and the implications
of globalization and postmodernism for the study of politics and society. It
will relate these advanced theoretical issues to conventional approaches of
welfare, participation and democracy.
SERIES EDITOR: Bryan S. Turner, Deakin University
EDITORIAL BOARD
J.M. Barbalet, Australian National University
Mike Featherstone, University of Teesside
Stephen Kalberg, Boston University
Carole Pateman, University of California, Los Angeles
Also in this series
Welfare and Citizenship
Beyond the Crisis of the Welfare State?
Ian Culpitt
Citizenship and Social Theory
edited by Bryan S. Turner
THE CONDITION OF
CITIZENSHIP
edited by
Bart van Steenbergen
SAGE Publications
London · Thousand Oaks · New Delhi
Editorial arrangement, Chapters 1 and 11 Ο Bart van
Steengbergen 1994
Chapter 2 © Ralf Dahrendorf 1994
Chapter 3 © Jurgen Habermas 1994
Chapter 4 © Herman van Gunsteren 1994
Chapter 5 © William Julius Wilson 1994
Chapter 6 © Hans Adriaansens 1994
Chapter 7 © Ursula Vogel 1994
Chapter 8 © Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon 1994
Chapter 9 © Attila Agh 1994
Chapter 10 © Richard Falk 1994
Chapter 12 © Bryan S. Turner 1994
First published 1994
Reprinted 1996
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
Condition of Citizenship. - (Politics &
Culture Series)
I. Steenbergen, Bart Van II. Series.
323.6
ISBN 0-8039-8881-8
ISBN 0-8039-8882-6 (pbk)
Library of Congress catalog card number 93-087423
Typeset by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon
Printed and bound in Great Britain
CONTENTS
Contributors
1 The Condition of Citizenship: an Introduction
Bart van Steenbergen
2 The Changing Quality of Citizenship
Ralf Dahrendorf
3 Citizenship and National Identity
Jiirgen Habermas
4 Four Conceptions of Citizenship
Herman van Gunsteren
5 Citizenship and the Inner-City Ghetto Poor
William Julius Wilson
6 Citizenship, Work and Welfare
Hans Adriaansens
7 Marriage and the Boundaries of Citizenship
Ursula Vogel
8 Civil Citizenship against Social Citizenship?
Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon
9 Citizenship and Civil Society in Central Europe
Attila Agh
10 The Making of Global Citizenship
Richard Falk
11 Towards a Global Ecological Citizen
Bart van Steenbergen
12 Postmodern Culture/Modern Citizens
Bryan S. Turner
Index
CONTRIBUTORS
Hans Adriaansens is Professor of General Social Sciences at the
University of Utrecht and member of The Netherlands Scientific
Council for Government Policy. He is the author of General
Sociology (1985) and Participation State (1990).
Attila Agh is Professor of Political Science at the Budapest
University of Economics. He is author of The Crisis of State
Socialism in the Eighties (1990).
Ralf Dahrendorf is Warden of Saint Antony's College in Oxford.
He is author of The Modern Social Conflict (1988) and Reflections
on the Revolution in Europe (1990).
Richard Falk is Professor of International Relations at Princeton
University and Research Director of the World Order Models
Project. He is author of A Study of Future Worlds (1975) and
Explorations at the Edge of Time: Prospects for World Order (1992).
Nancy Fraser is Professor of Philosophy and Faculty Fellow of the
Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research at Northwestern
University. She is author of Unruly Practices (1989) and the
co-editor of Revaluing French Feminism (1988).
Linda Gordon is Professor of History at the University of Wiscon-
sin. Among her books are Woman's Body, Woman's Right: a Social
History of Birth Control; Heroes of their own Lives: the Politics of
Family Violence', and Pitied but not Entitled: Single Mothers and the
History of Welfare (1994).
Herman van Gunsteren is Professor of Theory and Jurisprudence at
the University of Leiden. He is the author of The quest for control'
in Ethics, July 1988 and co-author of Time for Retirement (1991).
Jurgen Habermas is Professor of Philosophy at the University of
Frankfurt. He is author of The Theory of Communicative Action
(1989) and The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere
(1989).
CONTRIBUTORS vii
Bart van Steenbergen is Associate Professor of General Social
Sciences at the University of Utrecht. He is co-author of Advancing
Democracy and Participation: Challenges for the Future (1992) and
'Scenarios for Europe in the 1990s: the role of citizenship and
participation' in Futures, November 1990.
Bryan S. Turner is Professor of Sociology at Deakin University. He
is author of Citizenship and Capitalism (1986) and Outline of a
theory of citizenship' in Sociology, May 1990.
Ursula Vogel is Senior Lecturer in Government at the University of
Manchester. She is co-editor of Feminism and Political Theory
(1986) and of The Frontiers of Citizenship (1991) and author of
'Patriarchal reasoning in modern natural law' in History of Political
Thought (1991).
William Julius Wilson is the Lucy Flower University Professor of
Sociology and Public Policy at the University of Chicago. He is
author of The Truly Disadvantaged (1987) and The Declining
Significance of Race (1978).
1
THE CONDITION OF
CITIZENSHIP:
AN INTRODUCTION
Bart van Steenbergen
Most recent publications on citizenship begin by expressing surprise
that this subject has suddenly become topical. Over the past five
years, more and more social problems and questions have been
formulated in terms of citizenship and civil society. Whether the
subject is poverty, the underclass, women's issues, national identity,
participatory democracy, minorities, authoritarian governments,
supranational developments, the role of the intelligentsia and even
the environment, it seems that all these problems can be fruitfully
analysed from the perspective of citizenship. On the other hand,
there also seems to be agreement that citizenship is a problematic
concept. Its meaning has never been univocal; on the contrary,
there are several historical traditions in this respect, which in some
ways oppose each other, as the contributions of van Gunsteren
(Chapter 4) and Habermas (Chapter 3) elucidate.
This book is not so much about citizenship as such, nor about the
history of citizenship, although some contributors deal with these
topics, but primarily about the question of the fruitfulness of the
notion of citizenship for analysing, understanding and even solving
the problems of our time and of the time to come. As we shall see,
the traditional concepts are not always fully fit for that purpose,
although we can find much in the old concepts that is still valuable
for our time.
Although this book is not about citizenship as such, a few words
on the concept itself may be illuminating, not least because different
authors in this book base themselves on different traditions in this
respect. To start with, a distinction (but not a separation) should be
made between the citizen or citoyen, on the one hand, and the
burgher, bourgeois or economic citizen on the other as the chief
actors or 'dramatis personae' to use Agh's terminology (see Chapter
