The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography

331 Pages·2007·5.05 MB·English

by  Michael R. Peres

The Concise
Focal Encyclopedia
of Photograph y
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd ii 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3355 PPMM
This page intentionally left blank
The Concise
Focal Encyclopedia of
Photography
From the First Photo on Paper
to the Digital Revolution
MICHAEL R. PERES, MARK OSTERMAN,
GRANT B. R OMER, NANCY M. STUART , Ph.D.,
J. TOMAS LOPEZ
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Focal Press is an imprint of Else vier
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd iiiiii 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3377 PPMM
Acquisitions Editor: Diane Heppner
Publishing Services Manager: George Morrison
Senior Project Manager: Brandy Lilly
Associate Acquisitions Editor : Valerie Geary
Assistant Editor: Doug Shults
Marketing Manager: Christine Degon Veroulis
Cover Design: Alisa Andreola
Interior Design: Alisa Andreola
Focal Press is an imprint of Else vier
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK
Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reser ved.
No part of this publication ma y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written per mission of the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Else vier’s Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ((cid:2)44) 1865 843830, fax: ((cid:2)44) 1865 853333,
E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line
via the Elsevier homepage (http://else vier.com), by selecting “Suppor t & Contact”
then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining P ermissions.”
Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its
books on acid-free paper whene ver possible.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Application submitted
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is a vailable from the British Librar y.
ISBN: 978-0-240-80998-4
For information on all Focal Press publications
visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com
07 08 09 10 11 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd iivv 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3377 PPMM
Contents
Contributors vii Photography Programs in the 20th
Photographers and Image Century Museums, Galleries, and
Contributors ix Collections 94
About the Editors xv Lynne Bentley-Kemp
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction xix Photographic Higher Education in the
United States 100
Nancy M. Stuart
History and Evolution of
Photography 1 Photographic Workshops: A Changing
Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer Educational Practice 107
Christopher Burnett
Contemporary Thoughts on the
History of Photography 3 Magazines: The Photographer s’ Press
Grant B. Romer in the United States and Great Britain
During the Transition Decade of the
The Technical Evolution of 1960s 116
Photography in the 19th Centur y 5 David Brittain
Mark Osterman
Histories, Theories, Criticism 123
Introduction to the Biographies of Gary Sampson
Selected Innovators of Photographic
Technology 17 African Americans as Photographer s
Grant B. Romer and Photographic Subjects 132
David C. Hart
Selected Photographs from the
19th Century 33 Biographies of Selected Photographer s
Mark Osterman from the 20th Centur y 139
Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and
Garie Waltzer
Major Themes and Photographers
of the 20th Centur y 57
Nancy M. Stuart Contemporary Issues 209
J. Tomas Lopez
Photography in the 20th Centur y 59
Nancy M. Stuart A Different Set of Questions for a
New Age 211
Photography, Fine Art Photography, and
J. Tomas Lopez
the Visual Arts: 1900–2001 61
Saul Ostrow Academic and Pedagogical Issues:
The Impact of Digital Imaging on
Photography and Society in the 20th
Photographic Education 213
Century 71
Margaret P. Evans
Gretchen Garner
Photography and Desire: Fashion, Ethical Photojournalism: Its Authenticity
Glamour, and Pornography 84 and Impact 220
Bruce Checefsky John Kaplan
v
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd vv 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3377 PPMM
vi Contents
The Future of Publishing 228 Types of Studios 259
Millard Schisler Joseph DeMaio
100 Years from Now. . . . 232 Photographic Virtual Reality 261
Daniel Burge John (Craig) Freeman
Perception, Evidence, Truth, Potlatch, Auction, and the In-between:
and Seeing 239 Digital Art and Digital Audiences 266
Richard Zakia A. D. Coleman
The Photo Marketplace and The Pressure to Sta y Current 271
Contemporary Image Makers 250 Barry Haynes
Daile Kaplan
Science as Ar t 282
The Photographic Studio of the 21st Michael R. Peres and David Malin
Century 253
Doug Manchee Index 289
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd vvii 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3388 PPMM
Contributors
Lynne Bentley-Kemp, Ph.D. David C. Hart, Ph.D.
Head of Photography Assistant Professor
Florida Keys Community College Cleveland Institute of Art
Key West, Florida, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA
David Brittain Barry Haynes
AHRC Research Fellow Photographic Author
Manchester Metropolitan University Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada
Manchester, London, United Kingdom www.barryhaynes.com
Daniel Burge
Robert Hirsch
Research Scientist
Light Research
Image Permanence Institute
Buffalo, New York USA
Rochester Institute of Technology
www.lightresearch.net
Rochester, New York, USA
Daile Kaplan
Christopher Burnett
Vice-President and Director of Photographs
Director
Swann Galleries, Inc.
Visual Studies Workshop
New York, New York, USA
Rochester, New York, USA
http://vsw.org
John Kaplan
Bruce Checefsky Professor
Director College of Journalism and Communications
Reinberger Galleries University of Florida
The Cleveland Institute of Art Gainesville, Florida, USA
Cleveland, Ohio, USA www.johnkaplan.com
A. D. Coleman J. Tomas Lopez
Independent Photography Critic, Historian, Professor
and Curator Art and Art History
Staten Island, New York, USA University of Miami
http://photocritic.com Coral Gables, Florida, USA
Margaret P. Evans
David Malin
Associate Professor
Astronomer/Photographic Scientist
Communication/Journalism Department
Anglo-Australian Observatory
Shippensburg University
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, USA
Adjunct Professor of Scientifi c Photography
John (Craig) Freeman RMIT University
Associate Professor Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Emerson College
Boston, Massachusetts, USA Doug Manchee
Associate Professor
Gretchen Garner School of Photographic Arts and Sciences
Photographic Author and Scholar Rochester Institute of Technology
Columbus, Ohio, USA Rochester, New York, USA
vii
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd vviiii 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3388 PPMM
viii Contributor s
Mark Osterman Millard Schisler
Process Historian School of Print Media
George Eastman House International Rochester Institute of Technology
Museum of Photography Rochester, New York, USA
Rochester, New York, USA
Nancy M. Stuar t, Ph.D.
Executive Vice President and Provost
Saul Ostrow
The Cleveland Institute of Art
Associate Professor
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Chair, Visual Arts and Technologies
Head of Painting
Garie Waltzer
The Cleveland Institute of Art
Photographer and Consultant
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Photography Program Coordinator (Retired)
Editor, Critical Voices in Art, Culture, and
Cuyahoga Community College
Theory
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Routledge, United Kingdom
Ken White
Michael Peres
Associate Professor
Professor
Fine Art Photography
Biomedical Photographic Communications
School of Photographic Arts and Sciences
School of Photographic Arts and Sciences
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester , New York, USA
Rochester, New York, USA
Richard Zakia, Ph.D.
Grant B. Romer
Professor Emeritus
Director of Conservation
School of Photographic Arts and Sciences
George Eastman House International
Rochester Institute of Technology
Museum of Photography
Rochester, New York, USA
Rochester, New York, USA
Gary Sampson, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Liberal Arts
Associate Dean
Graduate Studies
The Cleveland Institute of Art
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Th e following individuals prepared entries for the 1969 edition of the Focal Encyclopedia of
Photography Desk Edition or the Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 3rd Edition, which have
been reproduced in this Edition.
Mary Street Alinder H. Harting
Arthur Chevalier C.H. Oakden
R. Colson M. von Rohr
Joseph DeMaio M.E. and K.R. Sw an
J.C. Gregor y
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd vviiiiii 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3388 PPMM
Photographers and Image
Contributors
Berenice Abbott Abraham Bogardus
Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Arts George Eastman House Collection
New York Pubic Library Rochester, New York, USA
New York, New York, USA
Mathew Brady
Ansel Adams George Eastman House Collection
Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust Rochester, New York, USA
Mill Valley, California, USA Adolphe Braun
Robert Adams George Eastman House Collection
George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA
Rochester, New York, USA Anne W. Brigman
George Eastman House Collection
Raymond K. Albright
Rochester, New York, USA
George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA Gordon P. Brown
Imaging Consultant
Thomas Annan
Rochester, New York, USA
George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA Nancy Burson
George Eastman House Collection
Frederick Scott Archer
Rochester, New York, USA
George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA Julia Margaret Cameron
George Eastman House Collection
Eugéne Atget
Rochester, New York, USA
George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA Lewis Carroll
George Eastman House Collection
Anna Atkins
Rochester, New York, USA
Spencer Collection
New York Pubic Library Charles Chevalier
New York, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA
Édouard Baldus
George Eastman House Collection Carl Chiarenza
Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA
Thomas Barrow
George Eastman House Collection Antoine-Francois Jean Claudet
Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA
A. Bartlett
George Eastman House Collection Chuck Close
Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection
Rochester, New York, USA
Samuel A. Bemis
George Eastman House Collection Commerce Graphics, Ltd, Inc.
Rochester, New York, USA New York, New York, USA
ix
PPrreelliimmss--KK8800999988..iinndddd iixx 66//2200//0077 66::1144::3399 PPMM