Table Of ContentGreen Energy and Technology
Tariq Muneer
Eulalia Jadraque Gago
Saioa Etxebarria Berrizbeitia
The Coming
of Age
of Solar and
Wind Power
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge
scientificresearchandnoveltechnicalsolutions.ThemonographseriesGreenEnergy
and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological
approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo-
gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solu-
tions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech-
nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as
decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans
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· ·
Tariq Muneer Eulalia Jadraque Gago
Saioa Etxebarria Berrizbeitia
The Coming of Age of Solar
and Wind Power
TariqMuneer EulaliaJadraqueGago
SchoolofEngineeringandBuilt EngineeringConstructionandProject
Environment Management
EdinburghNapierUniversity SchoolofCivilEngineering
Edinburgh,Midlothian,UK UniversityofGranada
Granada,Spain
SaioaEtxebarriaBerrizbeitia
FacultyofMechanicalEngineering
UniversityoftheBasqueCountry
Vitoria-Gasteiz,Spain
ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537 (electronic)
GreenEnergyandTechnology
ISBN978-3-030-92009-8 ISBN978-3-030-92010-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92010-4
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
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Acknowledgements
T. Muneer would like to thank a number of people who have encouraged him to
complete this project as they see a lot of benefits coming out of it, particularly
for many countries where renewable energy will bring about a welcome change.
Some of those names that come to mind are (in alphabetical order): Z. Ahsan and
G.M.KhanofMalakpetGroup;S.Farhatullah,A.Hussain,A.Hyder,M.W.Khan,
M.H.Khursheed,F.Mirza,S.A.Samad,A.S.TaiyebiofOsmaniaUniversityCollege
of Engineering; and members of Edinburgh Breakfast Club—M. T. H. Esmail,
H.Gazali,J.Mohammed,M.A.Mohammed,andK.Salamat.
SpecialthankstoZafarAkberandGulamMohammedfortheirconstantencour-
agementtocompletethisproject.Theirkindwordshavehelpedtheauthorthroughout
thepandemicanditsdemoralisingeffects.
v
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .............................................. 1
1.1.1 HumanCivilisationandEnergyUse .................. 5
1.1.2 WorldPopulation .................................. 10
1.1.3 ClimateChangeandItsImpact ...................... 12
1.1.4 ElectricityUse,ItsEfficiency,andRelatedIssues ....... 15
References ..................................................... 19
2 SolarandWindEnergyTechnologies ............................. 21
2.1 WindEnergy ............................................. 22
2.2 SolarPV ................................................. 35
2.3 SolarWaterHeating ....................................... 52
2.3.1 MarketsandUptake ................................ 54
2.3.2 HotWaterDraw-OffProfiles ........................ 55
2.3.3 SolarWaterHeatingSystems ........................ 56
2.4 SolarLighting ............................................ 62
2.5 UseofSolarandWindEnergy:ChallengesandOpportunities .... 64
2.5.1 Simultaneous Generation of Solar PV Over
Wide-SpreadLocations ............................. 64
2.5.2 TheComplementarityoftheSolar/WindResource ...... 66
2.5.3 TransmissionofElectricityOverLongDistances ....... 66
2.5.4 HydrogenProductionandTransmission ............... 69
2.5.5 DecreasingCostofElectricBatteryStorage ........... 71
2.5.6 TheRoleofElectricVehicles ........................ 72
2.6 CaseStudies .............................................. 74
2.6.1 EdinburghNapierUniversityBuilding-Integrated
Photovoltaic(PV)Installation ....................... 74
2.6.2 SolarPVHouse,Cardiff,Wales ...................... 80
2.6.3 EdinburghCollegeSolarPVFarm .................... 82
2.6.4 ErrolSolarPVFarm,Perthshire,Scotland ............. 84
2.6.5 SolarandWindEnergyFarm,Arbroath,Scotland ...... 86
vii
viii Contents
2.6.6 SolarWaterHeatingforTextileIndustry,Pakistan ...... 89
2.6.7 SolarPVChargingofanElectricVehicle .............. 92
2.6.8 NúñezdeBalboaPhotovoltaic(PV)Plant ............. 93
2.6.9 PlataformaSolarExtremaduraThermalPowerPlant .... 97
2.6.10 Electricity Generation for ‘Malakpet Solar
Community’Project,Hyderabad,India ................ 98
References ..................................................... 100
3 WindEnergyandSolarPVDevelopmentsinChina ............... 105
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 105
3.2 GeographicalBackground .................................. 106
3.3 HistoricalBackground ..................................... 109
3.4 Socio-economicsofChina .................................. 110
3.5 EnergyResources ......................................... 112
3.5.1 PetroleumandOtherLiquids ........................ 113
3.5.2 NaturalGas ....................................... 114
3.5.3 Coal ............................................. 115
3.6 EnergyDemand ........................................... 116
3.6.1 PetroleumandOtherLiquids ........................ 118
3.6.2 NaturalGas ....................................... 118
3.6.3 Coal ............................................. 119
3.7 RenewableEnergyProspectinChina ......................... 119
3.8 FrameworkofChina’sRenewableEnergyLawandPolicy ....... 121
3.9 WindTurbineInstallations .................................. 124
3.10 SolarPVInstallations ...................................... 128
3.11 SolarThermalInstallations ................................. 130
3.11.1 SolarHeatinginTibetatLangkazi(China) ............ 132
3.12 Conclusions .............................................. 133
References ..................................................... 133
4 WindEnergyandSolarPVDevelopmentsintheEU ............... 139
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 139
4.2 GeographicalBackground .................................. 140
4.3 HistoricalBackground ..................................... 142
4.4 Economics ............................................... 144
4.5 EnergyResources ......................................... 149
4.6 EnergyProduction ......................................... 150
4.6.1 EnergyProductionintheEU ........................ 151
4.6.2 Renewables ....................................... 151
4.6.3 EnvironmentalImpact .............................. 154
4.7 EnergyPolicy ............................................. 156
4.7.1 EuropeanGreenDeal ............................... 157
4.8 WindTurbineInstallations .................................. 159
4.8.1 OffshoreWindEnergy .............................. 162
4.9 SolarPVInstallations ...................................... 165
4.9.1 EUSolarTrends ................................... 167
Contents ix
4.10 SolarThermalInstallations ................................. 169
4.10.1 SolarHeatingandCooling(SHC) .................... 171
4.11 Conclusions .............................................. 172
References ..................................................... 173
5 WindEnergyandSolarPVDevelopmentsinJapan ............... 179
5.1 Introduction .............................................. 179
5.2 GeographicalBackground .................................. 180
5.3 HistoricalBackground ..................................... 181
5.4 Socio-economicsofJapan .................................. 182
5.5 EnergyResources ......................................... 184
5.5.1 PetroleumandOtherLiquids ........................ 185
5.5.2 NaturalGas ....................................... 186
5.5.3 Coal ............................................. 186
5.6 EnergyDemand ........................................... 187
5.6.1 PetroleumandOtherLiquids ........................ 189
5.6.2 NaturalGas ....................................... 190
5.6.3 Coal ............................................. 190
5.7 RenewableEnergyProspectinJapan ......................... 191
5.8 FrameworkofChina’sRenewableEnergyLawandPolicy ....... 194
5.9 WindTurbineInstallations .................................. 196
5.10 SolarPVInstallations ...................................... 198
5.11 SolarThermalInstallations ................................. 200
5.12 Conclusions .............................................. 201
References ..................................................... 202
6 WindEnergyandSolarPVDevelopmentsintheUSA ............. 207
6.1 Introduction .............................................. 207
6.2 GeographicalBackground .................................. 208
6.3 HistoricalBackground ..................................... 209
6.4 Economics ............................................... 213
6.5 EnergyResources ......................................... 216
6.6 EnergyProduction ......................................... 217
6.6.1 Renewables ....................................... 219
6.6.2 EnvironmentalImpact .............................. 221
6.7 EnergyPolicy ............................................. 222
6.8 WindTurbineInstallations .................................. 224
6.8.1 OffshoreWindEnergy .............................. 227
6.9 SolarPVInstallations ...................................... 228
6.10 SolarThermalInstallations ................................. 231
6.11 Conclusions .............................................. 233
References ..................................................... 233
List of Figures
Fig.1.1 Mean atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
atMaunaLoaObservatory.SourceRef.[1] ................ 2
Fig.1.2 Globalenergyresourcesanddemands.SourceRef.[3] ....... 3
Fig.1.3 Utility scale PV electricity price by year, US cents
perkWh.SourceRef.[4] ............................... 3
Fig.1.4 Utility scale PV electricity price as a function
of installation capital cost (log–log plot). X-axis:
cumulativeinstalledcapacity,MW,Y-axis:price,US
centsperkWh.Ref.[4] ................................ 4
Fig.1.5 PV installed capacity in UK between January 2010
andJune2020.X-axis:dataseries,Y-axis:thousand
MW.Ref.[5] ......................................... 4
Fig.1.6 Yearlyprogressionofwindturbineinstalledcapacity
(MW,rightaxis)andgeneratedenergy(GWh,leftaxis)[6] ... 4
Fig.1.7 Capacityfactorfornuclearpowerplant ................... 7
Fig.1.8 ErrolsolarPVfarminPerthshire,Scotland ................ 8
Fig.1.9 Windfarmarrayschematic.Therecommendedcrosswind
anddownwardspacingforachievinglessthan10%farm
energylossarerespectively,5and10rotordiameters
betweentheturbines.SourceAsifandMuneer[3] .......... 8
Fig.1.10 Thecomplementarityofsolarandwindresource.Source
AsifandMuneer[3] ................................... 9
Fig.1.11 Keyperformanceindicatorsforselectednationsplotted
againstGDP(thousandUSDpercapita,year=2008).
Life-expectancyinyears,year=2005;Carbondioxide
emissions, tonnes per capita, year = 2004; energy
consumption,toepercapita,year=2005 .................. 9
Fig.1.12 The liberation of genie of the lamp. Once released,
thegeniecannotbecompelledbackinthelamp.Thisis
akintohumanaddictiontoenergyuse .................... 11
Fig.1.13 Thethree‘e’trilemma ................................. 15
xi
